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1、WhatWentWrong?WhatWentWrong?WesternImpactandMiddleEasternResponseBernardLewis2002OxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogotáBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiFlorenceHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiParisSãoPauloShangh
2、aiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©2002byBernardLewisPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmayb
3、ereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataLewis,Bernard.Whatwentwrong?:westernimpactan
4、dMiddleEasternresponse/BernardLewis.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-514420-11.MiddleEast—History—1517-I.Title.DS62.4.L4882000956´.015—dc212001036214Printing(lastdigit):135798642PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperContentsPrefaceviiI
5、ntroduction3Chapter1TheLessonsoftheBattlefield18Chapter2TheQuestforWealthandPower35Chapter3SocialandCulturalBarriers64Chapter4ModernizationandSocialEquality82Chapter5SecularismandtheCivilSociety96Chapter6Time,Space,andModernity117Chapter7AspectsofCulturalChange133Concl
6、usion151Afterword161Notes163Index173PrefaceThisbookwasalreadyinpageproofwhentheterroristattacksinNewYorkandWashingtontookplaceonSeptember11,2001.Itdoesnotthereforedealwiththem,norwiththeirimmediatecausesandafter-effects.Itishoweverrelatedtotheseattacks,examiningnotwhat
7、happenedandwhatfollowed,butwhatwentbefore—thelargersequenceandlargerpatternofevents,ideas,andattitudesthatpre-cededandinsomemeasureproducedthem.B.L.Princeton,N.J.October15,2001WhatWentWrong?WHATWENTWRONG?2INTRODUCTIONIntroductionWhatwentwrong?ForalongtimepeopleintheIsl
8、amicworld,es-peciallybutnotexclusivelyintheMiddleEast,havebeenaskingthisquestion.Thecontentandformulationofthequestio
