房屋政策——福利与经济发展之间的联系【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：Housingpolicy——thelinkbetweenwelfareandeconomicdevelopment1.IntroductionTheexpansionofthehousingstockhasbeenoneofthemostvisiblechangesinEuropeancitiesinrecentdecades;newhomesandnewresidentialareasdominatemanyoftheurbanlandscapes.Theincreaseinthenumberofhomesr

2、eflectsthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandthesteadilyrisinglevelofaffluence，aswellastheso-calledseconddemographictransitionthathasresultedinanunprecedentedgrowthofthenumberofhouseholds.Thisincreasereadilytranslatedintodemandforhousing.InsomecountriesespeciallythoseinNorthwesternEur

3、opethedemographicchangescameearlierthanelsewhere;therearealsosignificantvariationsinthepolicyresponses，dependingonnationalculturesandpoliticaltraditions，aswellasonthevagariesofthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomies.Butwhereverstateregulationadoptedsomevariantofthewelfare-statem

4、odel，housinghasbeenamajorpolicyingredient.Over60percentofthecurrenthousingstockinNorthwesternEuropewasbuiltafter1945(FeddesandDieleman，1996).Inoneformoranother，muchofthisconstructionhasbeensubsidized，andthehugeamountofmoneythisrequiredlargelyaccountsforthefactthathomebuilding

5、programsandtheirdifferentiationremainedhighonthepoliticalagenda.2.ChangingmodesofregulationInNorthwesternEurope，housinghaslongbeenconsideredcrucialtothewellbeingofnations.Consequently，theprovisionofaffordablehousingofgoodqualityenjoyedhighpriority.Theextenttowhichthatpolicyag

6、endahasbeenputintopracticeisvisibleinthecompositionofthehousingstockandistangibleintheavailabilityofhousingsubsidies.Becausehousingmarketregulationwasmeanttoensurefairaccessatareasonableprice，ithasfavoredlowincomegroups.Thus，socialhousingaccountedforoverhalfofallnewconstructi

7、oninSwedenandtheNetherlandsafter1950.Inbothcountriesaselsewhereresidentialconstructioncostswereloweredbysubsidies，whilehousingexpensesweremadebearablebyhousingallowances.Forthosewhodonotqualifyforsuchdirectbenefits，therearetaxbreaksthatreducehousingcosts.Inadditiontofiscalsub

8、sidies，manyEuropeancountriesspendhugesumsondirecthousingsubsidies;in