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1、Low-TemperaturePhysicsChristianEnssSiegfriedHunklingerLow-TemperaturePhysicsWith421FiguresABCProf.Dr.ChristianEnssProf.Dr.SiegfriedHunklingerUniversitätHeidelbergKirchhoff-InstitutfürPhysikImNeuenheimerFeld22769120Heidelberg,Germanychristian.enss@physik.uni-heidelberg.desiegfrie
2、d.hunklinger@physik.uni-heidelberg.deLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005922610ISBN-103-540-23164-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN-13978-3-540-23164-6SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned
3、,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrent
4、version,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringeronline.comcSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005PrintedinGermanyTheuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registered
5、names,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:bytheauthorsusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackageCoverdesign:ErichKirchnerPrintedonacid-fre
6、epaperSPIN:1089303157/3141/JVG543210PrefaceScienceisoftenajourneytothelimitsofthefeasibleandascertainable.Inlow-temperaturephysicsthisjourneystrivestowardsabsolutezero.WhenLouisCailletetonDecember2nd,1877,realizedamajorstepintermsoftheproductionoflowtemperatures,namelythefirstliq
7、uefactionofoxygen,hecouldhardlyimaginethewealthofexcitingphysicalphenomenathatwouldbediscoveredinthisfield.Despitetheanticipationfromeverydayexperience,whichgenerallyequatescoldwithdiscomfortandstiffening,condensedmat-teratlowtemperaturesrevealsawidearrayoffascinatingproperties.As
8、themostprominentexamplesletusmentionsuperfluidit
