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1、JournalofPowerSources119–121(2003)538–542Electrochemicalbehaviorofgraphiteanodeatelevatedtemperaturesinorganiccarbonatesolutions*M.D.Levi,C.Wang,J.S.Gnanaraj,D.AurbachDepartmentofChemistry,Bar-IlanUniversity,Ramat-Gan52900,IsraelAbstractAcombinationofthreemajorelectroanalyticaltechniqu
2、es(slow-scanratecyclicvoltammetry(SSCV),potentiostaticintermittenttitration(PITT)andelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS))wasappliedforcomprehensiveanalysisoftemperaturedependenceofthemostimportantequilibriumandkineticparametersrelatedtotheLi-insertionprocess.Theseparametersinclude
3、thedifferentialintercalationcapacity,Cintandthechemicaldiffusioncoefficient,Dchem.Wehaveanalyzedthecomplicated,ambivalentinfluenceofthetemperatureontheshapeofthecyclicvoltammetycurves,probingtherateofseparatestepsoftheintercalationprocessclosetoequilibrium.Goodagreementhadbeenfoundbetwee
4、ntheSSCVdatameasuredoverawiderangeoftemperatures,andtheclassicalstagingphasediagramofLixC6(thisdiagramispresentedasaplotoftheabsolutetemperature,Tversusintercalationlevel,x).#2003ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Lithiumrechargeablebatteries;Lithiatedgraphiteelectrodes;Thec
5、hemicaldiffusioncoefficientofLi-ion;Elevatedtemperatures;Stagingphasediagram1.Introductionroomtemperature[1].Here,weappliedaslightlymodifiedthree-electrodebuttoncelldesigncomparedtothatpresentedItiswellknownthatbutton-typecellsmayprovidemuchin[1].Thenaspecialcelltestprotocolwasdeveloped,
6、betterlong-termcyclabilityandratecapabilityofintercala-involvingthecombinationofthreebasicelectroanalyticaltionelectrodescomparedtothesamecharacteristicsobtainedtechniques:slow-scanratecyclicvoltammetry(SSCV),withtheuseoflarge,floodedcells.Themassoftheelectrodespotentiostaticintermitten
7、ttitration(PITT)andEIS.Whencanbechosenasthesame,whereasthemassofthesolutionusedproperly,thecombinationofthesethreetechniquesincontactwiththeelectrodeinthebuttoncellmaybeancoversalmostcompletelythespectrumofindividualrelaxa-orderofmagnitudelesscomparedtothatinthefloodedcell.tionprocess
