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1、BabatundeA.OgunnaikeRandomPhenomenaFundamentalsandEngineeringApplicationsofProbability&Statistics2RandomPhenomenaFundamentalsandEngineeringApplicationsofProbability&StatisticsIframenohypothesis;forwhateverisnotdeducedfromthephe-nomenonistobecalledahypothesis;andhypotheses,whethermetaphysicalo
2、rphysical,whetherofoccultqualitiesormechan-ical,havenoplaceinexperimentalphilosophy.SirIsaacNewton(1642–1727)InMemoriamInacknowledgementofthedebtofbirthIcanneverrepay,Ihumblydedicatethisbooktothememoryofmyfather,mymother,andmystatisticsmentoratWisconsin.AdesijibomiOgunde.ro.Ogunnaike1922–2002
3、SomemenflyaseaglesfreeButfewwithgracetothesamedegreeaswhenyouriseupwardtoflytoavoidsparrowsinacrowdedskyAyo.o.laOluronke.Ogunnaike1931–2005SomewhoonlysearchforsilverandgoldSoonfindwhattheycannothold;YousearchedafterGod’sownheart,andleftbehind,toosoon,yourpilgrim’schartWilliamGordonHunter1937-198
4、6SeewhatripplesgreatteachersmakeWithbutoneinspiringfingerTouching,once,theyoungmind’slakeiiiPrefaceInanagecharacterizedbythedemocratizationofquantification,wheredataabouteveryconceivablephenomenonisavailablesomewhereandeasilyac-cessiblefromjustaboutanywhere,itisbecomingjustasimportantthatthe“ed
5、ucated”personalsobeconversantwithhowtohandledata,andbeabletounderstandwhatthedatasayaswellaswhattheydon’tsay.Ofcourse,thishasalwaysbeentrueofscientistsandengineers—individualswhosepro-fessionrequiresthemtobeinvolvedintheacquisition,analysis,interpretationandexploitationofdatainoneformoranothe
6、r;butitisevenmoresonow.Engineersnowworkinnon-traditionalareasrangingfrommolecularbiologytofinance;physicistsworkwithmaterialscientistsandeconomists;andtheproblemstobesolvedcontinuetowideninscope,becomingmoreinterdisci-plinaryasthetraditionaldisciplinaryboundariesdisappearaltogetherorarebeingre
7、structured.Inwritingthisbook,Ihavebeenparticularlycognizantofthesebasicfactsof21stcenturyscienceandengineering.Andyetwhilemostscientistsanden-gineersarewell-trainedinproblemformulationandproblemsolvingwhenalltheentitiesinvolvedareconsideredde
