内在和外在激励[文献翻译]

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1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivation外文出处ReviewofEconomicstudies外文作者RolandbenabouandJesntirole原文：IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivationROLANDBENABOUPrincetonUniversityandInstituteforAdvancedStudyAndJEANTIROLEIDEI(UniversitedeToulouseI),CERASandMITINTRODUCTIONShouldachildberewarded

2、forpassinganexam,orpaidtoreadabook?Whatimpactdoempowermentandmonitoringhaveonemployees'moraleandproductivity?Doesreceivinghelpboostorhurtself-esteem?Whydoincentivesworkwellinsomecontexts,butappearcounterproductiveinothers?Whydopeoplesometimesunderminetheself-confidenceofothersonwhoseef

3、fortandinitiativetheydepend?Thesequestionswillbestudiedherefromaunifyingperspective,emphasizingtheinterplaybetweenanindividual’spersonalmotivationandhissocialenvironment.Weshallthusmodeltheinteractionsbetweenanagentwithimperfectself-knowledgeandaninformedprincipalwhochoosesanincentives

4、tructure,suchasofferingrewardsandthreateningpunishments,delegatingatask,orsimplygivingencouragement,praise,orcriticism.Itisacentralthemeofeconomicsthatincentivespromoteeffortandperformance,andthereisalotofevidencethattheyoftendo(e.g.Gibbons(1997),Lazear(2000)).Inotherwords,contingentre

5、wardsserveas“positivereinforcers”forthedesiredbehaviour.Inpsychology,theireffectismuchmorecontroversial.Along-standingparadigmclashhasopposedproponentsoftheeconomicviewtothe“dissonancetheorists”,whoarguethatrewardsmayactuallyimpairperformance,makingthem“negativereinforcers”,especiallyi

6、nthelongrun(see,e.g.Kruglanski(1978)foranaccountofthisdebate,andDeci,KoestnerandRyan(1999)forarecentandcomprehensivemeta-analysisofexperimentalresults).REVIEWOFECONOMICSTUDIESIndeed,asubstantialbodyofexperimentalandfieldevidenceindicatesthatextrinsicmotivation(contingentrewards)cansome

7、timesconflictwithintrinsicmotivation(theindividual’sdesiretoperformthetaskforitsownsake).Inanowclassicalexperiment(seeDeci,1975),collegestudentswereeitherpaidornotpaidtoworkforacertaintimeonaninterestingpuzzle.Thoseintheno-rewardconditionplayedwiththepuzzlesignificantlymoreinalaterun