高等化工工艺学英文讲义

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1、Chapter2AmmoniaSynthesis2.1BriefHistoryAmmoniaisanintermediateproductinthemanufactureofnitrogenousfertilizers.Itisalsousedfordirectapplicationtothesoilandinaquaconditionwithsolutionsofothernitrogenousfertiliserslikeammoniumnitrateand/orurea.Besidesthese,ammoniafindsapplicationin

2、theproductionofnitricacid,sodaash,cleaningagents,leathertanning,petroleumrefining,pulp&paperindustry,textiles,refrigeration,rubber&syntheticresinindustries,explosivesandfood&beverageindustries.Fertilserammoniumsulfate,(NH4)2SO4ammoniumphosphate,(NH4)3PO4ammoniumnitrate,NH4NO3

3、urea,(NH2)2CO,alsousedintheproductionofbarbiturates(sedatives),ismadebythereactionofammoniawithcarbondioxideChemicalsnitricacid,HNO3,whichisusedinmakingexplosivessuchasTNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene),nitroglycerinewhichisalsousedasavasodilator(asubstancethatdilatesbloodvessels)andP

4、ETN(pentaerythritolnitrate).sodiumhydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate),NaHCO3sodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3hydrogencyanide(hydrocyanicacid),HCNhydrazine,N2H4(usedinrocketpropulsionsystems)Explosivesammoniumnitrate,NH4NO3Fibres&Plasticsnylon,-[(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO]-,andotherpoly

5、amidesRefrigerationusedformakingice,largescalerefrigerationplants,air-conditioningunitsinbuildingsandplantsPharmaceuticalsusedinthemanufactureofdrugssuchassulfonamidewhichinhibitthegrowthandmultiplicationofbacteriathatrequirep-aminobenzoicacid(PABA)forthebiosynthesisoffolicacids

6、,anti-malarialsandvitaminssuchastheBvitaminsnicotinamide(niacinamide)andthiamine.Pulp&Paperammoniumhydrogensulfite,NH4HSO3,enablessomehardwoodstobeusedMining&usedinnitriding(brightannealing)steel,MetallurgyusedinzincandnickelextractionAmmonia(NH3)isoneofthemostfamiliarcompoundso

7、fnitrogenandhydrogenaswellasoneoftheworld'smostvaluableindustrialandagriculturalchemicals.Underordinaryconditions,ammoniaisacolorlessgasthatislighterthanair.Ithasasharpodorthatstingsthenostrilsandcancausesuffocationifinhaledingreatenoughconcentrations.Becauseofitsphysicalpropert

8、ies,liquefiedammoniahasbeenusedasarefrigerant;w