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1、Chapter2PhonologyLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.WhyhumancanproducesomanysoundsThehumanvocaltractshowsaloweringofthelarynxwithresp
2、ecttoitspositioninotherprimatesThishasconsequencesforspeech,andalsotheconsequencethathumanschokemoreeasilythanotherprimatesdoWhileithasbeensuggestedthatthisisanevolutionaryadaptationthathighlightstheimportanceofspeech--thecaseoftheNeanderthals--itseemstobethecaset
3、hatotherspecieshavethisanatomicalfeatureaswell.Phonetics----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.ThreebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----f
4、romthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.Spectrographsareusedtostudythepropertiesofso
5、unds.Pahvs.Bah(anexample)b:voiced(bah),p:voiceless(pah)ba:vocalcordvibratesrightaway,pahas80msdelayWhathappensinbetween?Nohybrids:eitherbaorpa,thresholdaround25msArticulatoryphoneticsSpeechorgans:threeimportantareasPharyngealcavity----thethroat;Theoralcavity----th
6、emouth;Nasalcavity----thenose.IllustrationThediagramattherightillustratestheseregionsinanothersagittalviewThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velum)UvulaTipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity
7、Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds----AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtext
8、bookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[pit]Narrowtranscription----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p
