Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries

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1、ChildDevelopment,January/February2012,Volume83,Number1,Pages46–61CognitiveandSocioemotionalCaregivinginDevelopingCountriesMarcH.BornsteinandDianeL.PutnickEuniceKennedyShriverNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentEnrichingcaregivingpracticesfosterthecourseandoutcomeofchilddevelop

2、ment.Thisstudyexamined2developmentallysignificantdomainsofpositivecaregiving—cognitiveandsocioemotional—inmorethan127,000familieswithunder-5yearchildrenfrom28developingcountries.Mothersvariedwidelyincognitiveandsocioemotionalcaregivingandengagedinmoresocioemotionalthancognitiveactivities.Mo

3、rethanhalfofmothersplayedwiththeirchildrenandtookthemoutside,butonlyathirdorfewerreadbooksandtoldstoriestotheirchildren.TheGDPofcountriesrelatedtocaregivingaftercontrollingforlifeexpectancyandeducation.Themajorityofmothersreportthattheydonotleavetheirunder-5salone.Policyandinterventionreco

4、mmendationsareelaborated.ParentingisajobwhoseprimaryobjectofattentionParentingandSocietyandactionisthechild—healthyhumanchildrendoMorespecifically,theparent’sroleistoeducatenotandcannotgrowupwithoutcompetentcaregiv-andsocializechildreninwaysthatareappropriateers.Beyondtheirchildren’ssurviva

5、l,parentsaretotheirstageofchildhoodandpreparechildrentofundamentallyinvestedintheirchildren’seducationadapttoawiderangeofliferolesandcontextstheyandsocializationbroadlyconstrued.Earlychild-willoccupyastheygrow.Allsocietiesprescribehoodisthetimewhenwefirstmakesenseofthecertainexpectedcharact

6、eristicsoftheirmembersphysicalworld,forgeourfirstsocialbonds,andfirstandproscribecertainothersiftheircitizensaretolearnhowtoexpressandreadbasichumanemo-functionappropriately(Harkness&Super,2002).tions.Normally,itisparentswholeadchildrenSomeprescriptionsandproscriptionsareessentiallythroughth

7、esedevelopmentalfirsts.Thus,caregiveruniversal,suchastherequirementforparentstocognitionsandpracticescontributeinimportantnurtureandprotecttheiroffspring.Othersvarywaystothecourseandoutcomeofchilddevelop-acrossgroups;forexample,parentsinsomesocie-ment(Bornstein