TOEFL综合写作材料指称词及常用句型集锦

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1、（一）对材料的指称Thewriter/theauthor;thereadingpassage/thereadingmaterial/thewriting/thereadingthespeaker/thelecturer/theprofessor;thelecture/thelisteningmaterial（二）指代阅读材料中信息的抽象名词1.reason;cause;basis;ground;motive;motivation2.example;instance;exemplar3.evidence;dat

2、a;fact;proof;basis;foundation4.explanationfor/of;accountof5.definition;description;clarification;illustration;demonstration6.assumption;premise;presumption;supposition;postulation;hypothesis;guess;conjecture7.conclusion;belief;idea;opinion;judgment;view;not

3、ion;argument;theory8.issue;matter;topic;subject;concern;problem51.acknowledgement;observation;prediction2.statement;point3.advice;recommendation;appeal;proposal;plan;scheme4.benefit;advantage;improvement;（三）指代听解材料中信息的抽象名词1.(further/closer/other)studies;rese

4、arches2.(new)finding;discovery3.alternativeexplanation/theory4.counter-example/evidence5.allegation;claim6.objection;refutation7.remark;comment（四）对比相关信息THEAUTHOR:discuss;introduce;argue;conclude;suggest;recommend;propose;appeal5THEPASSAGE：discusses/introduc

5、es/concludes/argues/…THESPEAKER:1)pointout;say;tell;put;2)disagreewith;disapprove;refute;rebut;reject;objectto;oppose;counter;3)doubt;question;challenge;4)cite;mention;quote;referto;5)suggest;imply;putforward;6)explain;exemplify;show;illustrate;7)support;ag

6、reewith;standby;back(up)听解材料与阅读材料中的观点不同时听解材料更有可信度时的提法（比如提及amorerecentstudy/acloserobservation）：1.Notasthepassageputsit,…2.Unlikedescribedinthepassage,…3.Contrarytothepassage,…/Quitethecontrary,…/Quitetheopposite,…/Justtheopposite,…/Bycontraries,…/Onthecontr

7、ary,…/TotheContrary,…4.While/whereasthewriterstates…,thelectureropposestheclaim.5.Thefactis…/Thepointis…/Itturnsoutthat…51.Thespeakerprovidesanalternativeexplanationof/for...whichthewritersuggestsis...2.Thelecturecompletelyrefusesthepassage.3.Contrarytotheb

8、eliefinthereadingpassagethat…4.Finally,theprofessorstatedthat...whichchallengesthestandpointmadebythewriterwhosaidthat...5.Contrarytothebeliefinthepassagethat…theprofessorsaysthat…6.Theprofessorrefutes