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1、RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)RalphWaldoEmersonwasanAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoet,wholedtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety,andhedisseminatedhisthoughtsthroughdozensofpublis
2、hedessaysandmorethan1,500publiclecturesacrosstheUnitedStates.Emersongraduallymovedawayfromthereligiousandsocialbeliefsofhiscontemporaries,formulatingandexpressingthephilosophyofTranscendentalisminhis1836essay,Nature.Followingthisground-breakingwork,hegaveaspeechentitledTheAmerica
3、nScholarin1837,whichOliverWendellHolmes,Sr.consideredtobeAmerica's“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”.Emersonwrotemostofhisimportantessaysaslecturesfirst,thenrevisedthemforprint.Hisfirsttwocollectionsofessays–Essays:FirstSeriesandEssays:SecondSeries,publishedrespectivelyin184
4、1and1844–representthecoreofhisthinking,andincludesuchwell-knownessaysasSelf-Reliance,TheOver-Soul,Circles,ThePoetandExperience.TogetherwithNature,theseessaysmadethedecadefromthemid-1830stothemid-1840sEmerson'smostfertileperiod.Emersonwroteonanumberofsubjects,neverespousingfixedph
5、ilosophicaltenets,butdevelopingcertainideassuchasindividuality,freedom,theabilityformantorealizealmostanything,andtherelationshipbetweenthesoulandthesurroundingworld.Emerson's“nature”wasmorephilosophicalthannaturalistic;“Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandt
6、heSoul.”Whilehiswritingstylecanbeseenassomewhatimpenetrable,andwasthoughtsoeveninhisowntime,Emerson'sessaysremainoneofthelinchpinsofAmericanthinking,andEmerson'sworkhasgreatlyinfluencedthethinkers,writersandpoetsthathavefollowedhim.Whenaskedtosumuphiswork,hesaidhiscentraldoctrine
7、was“theinfinitudeoftheprivateman.”Asalecturerandorator,EmersonbecametheleadingvoiceofintellectualcultureintheUnitedStates.HermanMelville,whohadmetEmersonin1849,originallythoughthehad“adefectintheregionoftheheart”anda“self-conceitsointenselyintellectualthatatfirstonehesitatestocal
8、litbyitsrightname”,thoughhelateradmitted
