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1、ManufacturingThefactoryofthefutureOct30th2013,11:25 byP.M.·· BRITAIN,likemanyothercountries,hasgonethroughaperiodofhugedeindustrialisation.Nearly9mpeoplewereemployedinBritishmanufacturingin1966;by2011fewerthan3mwere.Manufacturing’sshareoftheeconomyisaround10%today,halfwhatit
2、wasin1990.Indifferentcountries,fromrustbeltAmericatorusticChina,achorusofvoicesisurginggovernmenttoboostdomesticindustrysothatitmakesmorestuff.Thetroubleis,accordingtoa studypublished inBritainonOctober30th,mostpolicymakersdon’tunderstandmodernmanufacturing,letalonehowtechno
3、logyistransformingit.InBritainandelsewherethedaysofgrimysmokestacksandoilyragshavelonggone.Inthefuturemanymanufacturerswillnotevenhaveafactory,accordingtothereport,whichwascommissionedbytheBritishgovernmentfromexpertpanelsmadeupof300businesspeopleandacademics*.Theirverdict:“
4、Manufacturingisnolongerjustaboutproduction.Productionisnowthecoreofamuchwidersetofactivities.”Manufacturinghastraditionallybeenconsideredtobeaprocessthatturnsrawmaterialsintophysicalproducts.Nowadays,though,thephysicalpartofproductionisatthecentreofamuchwidervaluechain.Manuf
5、acturersareincreasinglygeneratingrevenuefromotheractivities,manyofwhicharecategorisedasservices.Asthereportpointsout,39%ofBritishcompanieswithmorethan100employeesderivedvaluefromservicesrelatedtotheirproductsin2011,upfrom24%in2007.Thoseservicesarevaried.Rolls-Royce,forinstan
6、ce,nowgetsabouthalfitsrevenuefromservices,includingleasingjetenginestoairlinesona“power-by-the-hour”basis.ARM,whichdesignsthechipsthatareusedinmostsmartphones,doesnothaveafactorybutlicensesitsdesignstoafederationofotherfirmsthatmakesthem.Scoresofspecialistengineeringfirmsina
7、successfulBritishclusterinthemotorsportindustrydevelopnewvehiclesforglobalcarmakers,butbuildfewcarsoftheirown.Inthefuturemoremanufacturedproductslikethesewillbepackagedwithservices:componentswillcomewithsensorsthatgiveautomaticalertswhentheproductneedsfixing;“remanufacturing
8、”willbecomecommonasfirmstakemoreresponsibilityforhowtheirgoodsarereusedandr
