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1、DIVISIONOFTHEHUMANITIESANDSOCIALSCIENCESCALIFORNIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYPASADENA,CALIFORNIA91125TROTULA,WONEN'SPROBLENS,ANDTHEPROFESSIONALIZATIONOFMEDICINEINTHEMIDDLEAGESJohnF.BentonHUMANITIESWORKINGPAPER98©JohnF.B@ntonDecember1983RevisedNovemberABSTRACTTheprofes
2、sionalizationofmedicineinthetwelfthandthirteenthcenturiesledtoanexclusionofwomenpractitionersfromthebestpaidandmostrespectedmedicalpositions.Maledoctorscontrolledtheteachingandtheoryofwomen'smedicine,andtheirgynecologicalliteratureincorporatedmaleexperience,unde
3、rstandingandlearning.ThetreatisesattributedtoTrotula,whichsurviveinnearly100manuscripts,werethemostpopulartextsusedbyacademicphysiciansinthelaterMiddleAges.AlthoughGeorgKraut'sStrassburgeditionof1544treatsthetreatisesof"Trotula"asasingle,unifiedwork,threeseparat
4、etextscirculatedintheMiddleAges,andonstylisticandothergroundsitislikelythateachwaswrittenbyadifferentauthor.ReasonablysolidevidencedemonstratestheexistenceofawomanphysicianatSalernonamedTrotaorTrotula,butshewasnotamagistra(asisoftenasserted),anditseemsthatshedid
5、notwriteevenoneofthethreetextsattributedtoher.Instead,sheproducedaPracticafromwhichextractsappearinaPracticasecundumTrotam,whichsurvivesasasinglemansucriptinMadrid,andinDeaegritudinumcurationeintheWrociaw(Breslau)~Salernitanus.ThispaperistobepublishedbytheBullet
6、inoftheHistoryofMedicinein1985.TROTULA~WOMEN'SPROBLEMS~ANDTHEPROFESSIONALIZATIONOFMEDICINEINTHEMIDDLEAGESJohnF.BentonInthecourseofthetwelfthandthirteenthcenturiesthepracticeofmedicineintheChristianWestmovedfromaskilltoaprofession~withacademictrainingbasedonautho
7、ritativelearnedliterature~withdegreesandlicenses~andwithsanctionsagainstthosewhopracticedmedicinewithoutalicense.Traditionalfolkremediescontinuedtobeused,ofcourse,andtheactualdeliveryofbabieswasexclusivelythedomainofmidwivesandfemaleattendants~butincreasinglythe
8、health•careofwell-to-dowomenwassupervisedbyacademicallytrainedphysicians.Theuniversitiesdidnot,ofcourse,produceenoughgraduatestofillthemedicalmarketplace,butmedicalsc
