词汇学论文On the Three Major Processes of English Word formation

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1、OntheThreeMajorProcessesofEnglishWordformation赖惠珊，英D，NO.12Variouswaysofformingwordscanbeclassifiedonthebasisoffrequencyofusage,intomajorofminorprocesses.Themajorprocessesarethree.a.DerivationorAffixation(about17.5%)b.Compounding(about27%)c.Conversion(about10.5%)Theminorproce

2、ssesareeight.a.Initialismandacronym首字母缩写(about9%)b.Blending(about6%)c.Clipping(about2%)d.Wordsfrompropernames(about2%)e.Backformation(about1%)f.Reduplication(about0.5%)构成重叠g.Analogy(about4%)h.Others(about3%)Oneofthethreemajorprocesses——Affixationorderivationisgenerallydefine

3、dasawordformationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.Tobemoreexact,derivationmaybedefinedasaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangethewor

4、d-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixes.Non-class-changingprefixessuchasnatural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair.Class-changingprefixessuchasforce-enforce,danger-endanger,enslave,enlarge,enrichandempowerandsoon.I

5、nsomereferencebooks,prefixesandsuffixesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbutheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:1）Reversativeorprivative.Forexample,de-:dece

6、ntralize,deforest,deregulatedis-:disconnect,,disheartenun-:unpack,un-wrap,unzip2)"negative"prefixes(a(n)-,dis-,in-,non-,un-)Forexample,a-(an-)–:anarchy,amoraldis-:disloyal,dislike,disjointin-(im-,il-,ir-):infamous,illegal,impossible,irregularnon-:nonessential,non-smoker,non-

7、stop,non-scienceun-:unwise,unhappy,unease4)"prefixesofdegreeorsize(arch-,co-,hyper-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur,ultra-,under-,)5)prefixesofattitude(anti-,contra,counter-,pro-)6)"locative"prefixes(fore-,inter-,sub-,super-,trans-);7)prefixesoftimeandorder(ex-,fore-,pre-,p

8、ost-,re-);8)"number"prefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,…multi-/poly-);9)Conve