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1、FoundationsAllstructuresdesignedtobesupportedbytheearth,includingbuindings,bridges,earthfills,earthandrockandconcretedams,consistoftwoparts.Thesearethesuperstructure,orupperpart,andthesubstructureelementwhichinterfacesthesuperstructureandsupportingground.Int
2、hecaseofearthfillsanddams,thereisoftennotaclearlineofdemarcationbetweenthesuperstructureandsubstructure.Thefoundationcanbedefinedasthesubstructureandthatadjacentzoneofsoilandrockwhichwillbeaffectedbyboththesubstructureelementanditsloads.Thefoundationengineer
3、isthatpersonwhobyreasonofexperienceandtrainingcanbeproducesolutionsfordesignproblemsinvolvingthispartoftheengineeredsystem.Inthiscontext,foundationengineeringcanbedefinedasthescienceandartofapplyingtheprinciplesofsoilandstructuralmechanicstogetherwithenginee
4、ringjudgementtosolvetheinterfacingproblem.Thefoundationengineerisconcerneddirectlywiththestructuralmemberswhichaffectthetransferofloadfromthesuperstructuretothesoilsuchthattheresultingsoilstabilityandestimateddeformationsaretolerable.Sincethedesigngeometryan
5、dlocationofthesubstructureelementoftenhaveaneffectonhowthesoilresponds,thefoundationengineermustbereasonablyversedinstructuraldesign.Foundationsforstructuressuchasbuildings,fromthesmallestresidentialtothetallesthigh-rise,andbridgesareforthepurposeoftransmitt
6、ingthesuperstructureload.Theseloadscomefromcolumn-typememberswithstressintensitiesrangeingfromperhaps140MPaforsteelto10MPaforconcretetothesupportingcapacityofthesoil,whichisseldomover500kPabutmoreoftenontheorderof200to250kPa.Almostanyreasonablestructurecanbe
7、builtandsafelysupportedifthereisunlimitedfinancing.Unfortunately,intherealsituationthisisseldom,ifever,thecase,andthefoundationengineerhasthedilemmaofmakingadecisionundermuchlessthantheidealcondition,Also,eventhoughthemistakemaybeburied,theresultsfromtheerro
8、rarenotandcanshowuprelativelysoon-andprobablybeforeanystatuteoflimitationsexpires.Thesearereportedcaseswherethefoundationdefectshaveshownupeitherduringconstructionofsuperstructureorimmediatelyth