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1、29AnOutlineIntroductiontoBritainLecture1:ThecountryandthepeopleNamesandpositions¡TheBritishIsles.,thelargestone:GreatBritain.oftenshortenedtoBritain;¡1,000kilo-metersfromsouthtonorth,thewidestpart,about500kmfromwesttoeast.¡totalareaoftheU.K.isonlyalittlemoretha
2、n240,000squarekmpopulation:57.4million(1990).¡Threepoliticalareas,alsoknownasthreecountries:England,Scotland,Wales.¡England:largestandmostdeveloped,morethan130,000squarekm,nearly60%ofthewholeisland.Itspopulationismorethan47millionandmakesup85%ofthecountry'swhol
3、epopulation.¡TothewestofGreatBritainisthesecondlargestislandknownasIreland.IrelandwasonceanindependentcountryandtherehademergedmanykingdomsbeforetheAnglo-Normaninvadersconquereditinthe13thcentury.HenryVIIIwasthefirstkingtobringIrelandundercontrol.In1610manyScot
4、tishimmigrantscameandestablishacolonyinUlster(northernIreland).¡SincemostoftheEnglishProtestantsettlersrefusedtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirhomecountry,theyoccupiedthenortheastcorner,about14,000squarekilometers,oftheislandandkeptitwithintheUnitedKingdom,whichthu
5、sbecameknownastheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.¡NorthernIreland,alsoknownasUlster,hasapopulationof1.5million.Aboutone-thirdofthemareRomanCatholicswhoareopposedtotheunificationofNorthernIrelandwithGreatBritain.¡TheCatholicextremistsorganizedtheIr
6、ishRepublicanArmyin1916whenanuprisingwassuppressedinDublin.AtfirstitfoughtfortheindependenceofIreland,butnowitusesterrorisminanefforttouniteNorthernIrelandwiththeRepublicofIreland.Theirterrorismhascausedmanydeathsandinjuries.¡Sincetheycangetsomehelpfromabroad,e
7、venfromAmericanCatholics,theproblemhasbecomeaseriousheadachefortheBritishgovernment.NowtheBritishGovernmentandtheGovernmentoftheRepublicofIrelandareworkingtogethersoastobringpeaceintoNorthernIreland.²BritaindoesnotsharealandborderwithanyothercountriesexcepttheR
8、epublicofIreland.TothesoutheastandacrosstheEnglishChannelisFrance,andatitsnarrowestparttheChannelisonlythirty-threekilometersinwidth.¡TodayEnglandislinkedwithFrancebytheChan
