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1、PsychologicalReviewVOLUME8SNUMBER2MARCH1978ATheoryofMemoryRetrievalRogerRatcliffUniversityofToronto,Ontario,CanadaAtheoryofmemoryretrievalisdevelopedandisshowntoapplyoverarangeofexperimentalparadigms.Accesstomemorytracesisviewedintermsofaresonancemetaphor.Theprobeitemevokest
2、hesearchsetonthebasisofprobe-memoryitemrelatedness,justasaringingtuningforkevokessympa-theticvibrationsinothertuningforks.Evidenceisaccumulatedinparallelfromeachprobe-memoryitemcomparison,andeachcomparisonismodeledbyacontinuousrandomwalkprocess.Initemrecognition,thedecisionp
3、rocessisself-terminatingonmatchingcomparisonsandexhaustiveonnonmatchingcom-parisons.Themathematicalmodelproducespredictionsaboutaccuracy,meanreactiontime,errorlatency,andreactiontimedistributionsthatareingoodaccordwithexperimentaldata.Thetheoryisappliedtofouritemrecognitionp
4、aradigms(Sternberg,prememorizedlist,study-test,andcontinuous)andtospeed-accuracyparadigms;resultsarefoundtoprovideabasisforcomparisonoftheseparadigms.Itisnotedthatneuralnetworkmodelscanbeinterfacedtotheretrievaltheorywithlittledifficultyandthatsemanticmemorymodelsmaybenefitf
5、romsucharetrievalscheme.Atthepresenttime,oneofthemajorandguidedbyphenomena(e.g.,thoseofthedeficienciesincognitivepsychologyisthelackSternbergparadigmandtheBrown-Petersonofexplicittheoriesthatencompassmorethanparadigm).Second,attemptstotheorizeasingleexperimentalparadigm.Thel
6、ackofresultintheconstructionofbinaryoppositionssuchtheoriesandsomeoftheunfortunate(e.g.,serialvs.parallel,storagevs.retrieval,consequenceshavebeendiscussedrecentlybyandsemanticvs.episodic).Thus,anappre-Allport(1975)andNewell(1973).Twoim-ciableportionofresearchincognitivepsyc
7、hol-portantpointsaremadebyNewell:First,ogycanbedescribedastestingbinaryopposi-researchincognitivepsychologyismotivatedtionswithintheframeworkofaparticularexperimentalparadigm.ThisstyleofresearchThisresearchwassupportedbyResearchGrantsdoesnotemphasizeorencouragetheorycon-APA1
8、46fromtheNationalResearchCouncilofstruction;butwithouttheory,itisalmostCana