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1、TRULYUNDERSTOODThispageintentionallyleftblankTrulyUnderstoodCHRISTOPHERPEACOCKE11GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypubl
2、ishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSo
3、uthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©ChristopherPeacocke2008ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDa
4、tabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2008Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbyla
5、w,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumus
6、timposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Nor
7、folkISBN978–0–19–923944–313579108642PrefaceThisbookcameasasurprise.Almostthreeyearsago,whenIwasthinkingonceagainaboutthewayinwhichjustificationistandotherconceptual-roletheoriesofmeaningmightattempttotreattheconceptofthepast,itoccurredtomethatthemostplausiblek
8、indofrivaltruth-conditionaltheoryofthatsubjectmattercouldbegeneralizedtoconceptsofotherdomains.Thegeneralizationgivesaspecialroletoreferenceinthetheoryofunderstanding;itsubsumesvariousoth