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1、-~.-~IntroductiontoTheoryandCriticismInrecentdecades,theoryandcriticismhavegrownevermoreprominentinliteraryandculturalstudies,treatedlessasaidstothestudyofliteratureandculturethanasendsinthemselves.AsJonathanCullernotesinFramingtheSign:CriticismandItsInstitution,s(J988),"F'
2、ormerlythehistoryofcriticismwaspartofthehistoryofliterature(thestoryofchangingconceptionsofliteratureadvancedbygreatwriters),but,.,nowthehistoryofliteratureispartofthehistoryofcriticism."Thisdramaticreversal,whichoccurredgrad•uallyoverthecourseofthetwentiethcentury,meanstha
3、tthehistoryofcriticismandtheoryincreasinglyprovjdcsthegeneralframeworkforstudyingliteratureandcultureincollegesanduniversities.Someliteraryscholarsandwritersdeploretheshifttowardtheory,regardingitasaturnawayfromliteratureanditscentralconcerns,These"antitheorists,"astheyarec
4、alled,advocateareturntostudyingliteratureforitself-yethoweverrefreshingthispositionmayatfirstappear,ithasproblems:ititselfpresupposesadefinitionofliterature,anditpromotesacertainwayofscrutinil.ingHtera•ture("foritself").Inotherwords,theantitheorypositionturnsouttorelyonunex
5、amined-anddebatable-theoriesofHteratureandcriticism.WhIttheorydemonstrates,inthiscaseandinothers,isthatthereisnopositionfreeoftheory,noteventheonecalled"commonsense."Thehistoryoftheoryandcriticismfromancienttimestothepresentisoneofcontendingideasandopinionsaboutsuchapparent
6、lyself-cvjdenttopicsas"literature"and"interpretation."Historically,interpretationhasbeencon•ceptualizedinanumberofdifferentways:as,forexample,objectivctextualanalysisormoralassessmentoremotionalresponseorliteraryevaluationorculturalcritique.Thesameisalsotrueofliterature.whi
7、chhasbeendefinedintennsofitsabilitytorepresentreaHty,ortoexpressitsauthor'sinnerbeing,ortoteachmoraHty,ortocleanseouremotions,tonameonlyafeweommonbutconflictingformulations.Thehistoryofcriticismandtheorycontainsmanysucharguments.Takentogether,theantitheoriststhemselvesadher
8、etoverydifferent,oftencontradictoryunderstandingsofliteratureandinterpretation.Suc
