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1、THEPHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCECopyrightedMaterialCopyrightedMaterialTHEPHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCEScienceandObjectivityGeorgeCouvalisSAGEPublicationsLondon•ThousandOaks•NewDelhiCopyrightedMaterial©GeorgeCouvalis,1997Firstpublished1997Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmayb

2、ereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,transmittedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthePublishers.SAGEPublicationsLtd6BonhillStreetLondonECZA4PUSAGEPublicationsInc2455TellerRoadThou

3、sandOaks,California91320SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvtLtd32,M-BlockMarketGreaterKailash-INewDelhi110048BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationdataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN0761951008ISBN0761951016

4、ailableTypesetbyPhotoprint,TorquayPrintedinGreatBritainbyTheCromwellPressLtd,BroughtonGifford,Melksharn,WiltshireCopyrightedMaterialContentsPrefaceviiAcknowledgementsixIntroduction11TheoryandObservation112InductionandProbability363PopperandMill:Fallibility,Falsif

5、icationandCoherence624RevolutionaryChangeandRationality:KuhnandhisRivals875RelativismandtheValueofScience1116TheSociologyofKnowledgeandFeminism1407RealismandInstrumentalism172References197Index203CopyrightedMaterialCopyrightedMaterialPrefaceStrikingfeaturesofthem

6、oderneraarethegrowthofscientificknowledgeandthegrowthofthepowerandinfluence.ofthenaturalsciences.Thenaturalscienceshavebeenwidelyusedasamodelformanykindsofhumanactivitiesandregardedastheacmeofhumanachievement.Theyhavealsobeenwidelyreviledfordistortinghumanlifeand

7、veilingcruciallyimportanttruths.Yetmanytextbooksonthephilosophyofthenaturalsciencesareeitherunnecessarilytechnicalorsimplistic.Inaddition,manyofthemfailclearlytoconnectwithfieldsofgeneralinterest,suchasepistemology,metaphysicsandethics.Despitethis,thephilosophyof

8、sciencehasrightlyhadandcontinuestohaveanimportantinfluencebothwithinandoutsidephilosophy.Adangerposedbyitsindirectinfluenceisthathalfunderstoodordubiousviewsar