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1、ThispageintentionallyleftblankVIOLENCEANDSOCIALORDERSAllsocietiesmustdealwiththepossibilityofviolence,andtheydosoindifferentways.Thisbookintegratestheproblemofviolenceintoalargersocialscienceandhistoricalframework,showinghoweconomicandpoliticalbehaviorar
2、ecloselylinked.Mostsocieties,whichwecallnaturalstates,limitviolencebypoliticalmanipulationoftheeconomytocreateprivilegedinterests.Theseprivilegeslimittheuseofviolencebypowerfulindividuals,butdoingsohindersbotheconomicandpoliticaldevelopment.Incontrast,mo
3、dernsocietiescreateopenaccesstoeconomicandpoliticalorganizations,fosteringpoliticalandeconomiccompetition.Thebookprovidesaframeworkforunderstandingthetwotypesofsocialorders,whyopenaccesssocietiesarebothpoliticallyandeconomicallymoredeveloped,andhowsometw
4、enty-fivecountrieshavemadethetransitionbetweenthetwotypes.DouglassC.Northisco-recipientofthe1993NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSci-ence.HeistheSpencerT.OlinProfessorinArtsandSciencesatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,whereheservedasdirectoroftheCenterforPoliti
5、calEconomyfrom1984to1990,andistheBartlettBurnapSeniorFellowattheHooverInstitutionatStanfordUniversity.AmemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandaformermemberoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheNationalBureauofEconomicResearchfortwentyyears,ProfessorNorthrecei
6、vedtheJohnR.CommonsAwardin1992.Theauthoroftenbooks,includingInstitutions,InstitutionalChange,andEconomicPerformance(CambridgeUniversityPress,1990)andUnderstandingtheProcessofEconomicChange(2005),ProfessorNorthhasresearchinterestsinpropertyrights,economic
7、organizationinhistory,andtheformationofpoliticalandeconomicinstitutionsandtheirconsequencesthroughtime.HeisafrequentconsultantfortheWorldBankandnumerouscountriesonissuesofeconomicgrowth.JohnJosephWallisisprofessorofeconomicsattheUniversityofMarylandandar
8、esearchassociateattheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWashingtonin1981andwentontospendatwo-yearpostdoctoralfellowshipattheUniversityofChicago.Duringthe2006–7academicyear,hewasaVisitingS
