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1、TextWhat’sinaName?1Todayit'sonlytheexceedinglyfamouswhoareknownbyjustonename,butevenSting,CherandMadonnastartedlifewithasurname.InEnglandalonetherearearound45,000differentsurnames.Butpriorto1000ADinBritain,everyonewasknownbythegivennameonly,orperhapstheirnickname.Text2Differentareas
2、oftheworldadoptedsurnamesatdifferentperiodsintime.TheChinesewereamongthefirstpeopletousefamilynamestohonourtheirparentsfromabout2800BC.InEurope,theRomansstartedcallingpeoplebytheirgivennameandfamilynameinLatinfrom300BC,butitwasn'tcommonpracticethroughoutEuropeuntilthe10thor11thcentu
3、ry,whenfirst,thelordsandgentry,thenmiddle-classcitizens,andfinallyeveryoneusedsurnames.TextThenecessityforsurnamesarosewhenthepopulationbegantogrow.Suddenlytherewasmorethanonepersonwiththesamenameinavillage,sosurnameswereused.Generally,thesesurnameswerenothandeddowntothenextgenerati
4、on,butafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,Irelandwasoneofthefirstcountriestoadopthereditarysurnames,andIrishsurnamesarefoundasearlyasthe10thcentury.Text3Ascommunitiesgrew,itbecamenecessarytoidentifyresidentsmorespecificallywithanamewhichreferredtoadominantfeaturesuchasaphysicalattribute,an
5、occupation,oraplaceoforigin.ThisledtonameslikeJohntheButcher,WilliamtheShort,HenryfromSutton,MaryoftheWood,andRoger,sonofRichard.Text4AftertheNormanConquestofEngland,thenewrulers(fromNormandyinnorthernFrance)oftherealmobligedpeopletoadoptfixedsurnamesforadministrativereasons,asaform
6、ofregistrationforthecensusandfortaxation.Gradually,mostSaxonandCelticnamesvanished(Oslaf,Oswald,Oswin–OsmeaningGod),andweseenameslikeCarpenter,Thatcher,CookandBaker,Hill,Forest.Anymanwholefthishomeandmovedtoanotherpartofthecountrywouldbecalledbytheplacewherehecamefrom,egJohnofYork,a
7、ndotherimmigrantsfromIreland,HighlandScotlandandWales(whenitbecamepartofGreatBritainin1536)adoptedtheEnglishsystemofsurnames.Text5Surnamesfromplacesweremostcommon.Infact,morethanhalfofEnglishsurnamestodayderivefromgeographicdescriptions:Bedford,Berkley,Hampshirecouldhavebeennamesgiv
8、entopeoplewhomigrat
