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1、UniversityofOxfordIINTRODUCTIONOxfordUniversity,oldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheEnglish-speakingworld.TheuniversityislocatedinOxford,England.IIHISTORYThetownofOxfordwasalreadyanimportantcenteroflearningbytheendofthe12thcentury.TeachersfrommainlandEuropeandotherscholarssettled
2、there,andlecturesareknowntohavebeendeliveredbyasearlyas1117.Sometimeinthelate12thcenturytheexpulsionofforeignersfromtheUniversityofParis(seeParis,Universitiesof)causedmanyEnglishscholarstoreturnfromFranceandsettleinOxford.Thestudentsassociatedtogether,onthebasisofgeographicalorigin
3、s,intotwo“nations,”representingtheNorth(includingtheScots)andtheSouth(includingtheIrishandtheWelsh).Inlatercenturies,geographicaloriginscontinuedtoinfluencemanystudents'affiliationswhenmembershipofanOxfordcollegeorhallbecamecustomary.Membersofmanyreligiousorders,includingDominicans
4、,Franciscans,Carmelites,andAugustinians,settledinOxfordinthemid-13thcentury,gainedinfluence,andmaintainedhousesforstudents.Ataboutthesametime,privatebenefactorsestablishedcollegestoserveasself-containedscholarlycommunities.AmongtheearliestweretheparentsofJohnBalliol,KingofScotland;
5、theirestablishment,BalliolCollege,bearstheirname.Anotherfounder,WalterdeMerton,achancellorofEnglandandafterwardsbishopofRochester,devisedaseriesofregulationsforcollegelife;MertonCollegetherebybecamethemodelforsuchestablishmentsatOxfordaswellasattheUniversityofCambridge.Thereafter,a
6、nincreasingnumberofstudentsforsooklivinginhallsandreligioushousesinfavoroflivingatcolleges.ThenewlearningoftheRenaissancegreatlyinfluencedOxfordfromthelate15thcenturyonward.AmonguniversityscholarsoftheperiodwereWilliamGrocyn,whocontributedtotherevivaloftheGreeklanguage,andJohnColet
7、,thenotedbiblicalscholar.WiththeReformationandthebreakingoftieswithCatholicism,themethodofteachingattheuniversitywastransformedfromthemedievalScholasticmethodtoRenaissanceeducation,althoughinstitutionsassociatedwiththeuniversitysufferedlossoflandandrevenues.In1636ChancellorWilliamL
8、aud,archbishopofCanterbury
