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1、JValueInquiry(2012)46:3950DOI10.1007/s10790-012-9325-1ForcedtobeFree,NotFreetobeSlavesJ.GabrielPublishedonline:17April2012ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.20121IntroductionAsocialcontractremovesindividualsfromtheviolenceofastateofnature,butthereremainsasta
2、teofnaturebetweennationsbecausethereisnobindingcontractamongnations,onlyamongindividualsandnations.InTowardaPerpetualPeace:APhilosophicalSketch,ImmanuelKantaddressestheproblemofcontinuingviolencebetweennations.Heseekstosolvetheproblemofviolenceforasecondtim
3、eandemergefromthestateofnatureofamongnationswithanewformof1cosmopolitanlawandapeacefulfederationamongallthepeoplesoftheearth.Inthethirdofthepreliminaryarticlesforperpetualpeace,StandingArmiesShallBeGraduallyAbolished,Kantwritesthatitisinconsistentwiththerig
4、htsofhumanitytopaysoldierstokillandbekilled.Hisargumentissurprisinglycomplex,becausewhileitisclearthatkillingitselfviolatesthecategoricalimperative,andthatitcertainlyviolatestherightsofthepersonkilled,itisnotentirelyclearwhypayingsoldierswouldviolatetherigh
5、tsofthesoldiersthemselves,ortherightsofallofhumanity.ThediscussionsoffreedomandslaveryincentralworksofHenryDavidThoreauandJean-JacquesRousseau,CivilDisobedienceandOntheSocialContract,illustratehowpayinghumanbeingstokillleadstoacontradiction,bothintheconcept
6、ofahumanbeingandtheconceptofthestateasanassociationoffreehumanbeings.Kantsargumentagainststandingarmiesisgroundedinhisaprioriconceptofpersonhoodandhisinterestinavoidinginconsistencyintheconcept.Thereasoningforabolishingstandingarmiesisstraightforward.Standi
7、ngarmies,Kantsays,1JamesBohmanandMattiasLutz-Bachmann,IntroductioninBohmanandLuzt-Bachmann,eds.,PerpetualPeace:EssaysonKant’sCosmopolitanIdea(Cambridge,MIT:1997),p.1.J.Gabriel(&)SageCollegeofAlbany,Albany,NY,USAe-mail:gabriel@uoregon.edu12340J.Gabrielincess
8、antlymenaceotherstatesbytheirreadinesstoappearatalltimesprepared2forwar.Theever-presentthreatofinvasionbyaforeignarmyincitesthemtocompetewitheachotherinthenumberofarmedmenandthereisnolimitto3this.Theco
