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1、“Transition”metals过渡金属的特性变价性配合物颜色磁性FromhighlyreactivemetalsofthesblocktothemuchlessreactivemetalsofGroup12andthepblock.TrendsinPhysicalPropertiesAllthed-blockelementsaremetals.Most,goodelectricalconductors.Most,malleable,ductile(延展),lustrous(光泽),silver-whiteincolor.Generally,higherm
2、eltingandboilingpoints.例外:Hg,lowmeltingpoint,Liquid(RT)Cu,red-brownandAu,yellow.Thelobesoftwod-orbitalsonthesameatomoccupymarkedlydifferentregionsofthespace.Relativelyfarapart,repeloneanotherweakly.分占不同的区域，相对远离，互斥小。2)Electrondensityind-orbitalsislownearnucleus.Notveryeffectiveatshie
3、ldingotherelectronsfromthenuclearcharge.接近核处电子密度低，屏蔽弱Nuclearchargeandthenumberofd-electronsbothincreasefromlefttorightacrosseachrow.Becausetherepulsionbetweend-electronsisweak,theincreasingnuclearchargecandrawtheminward,sotheatombecomessmaller.Furtheracrosstheblock,theradiibegintoin
4、creaseslightly.Therearesomanyd-electronsthatthee-erepulsionincreasemorethantheeffectivenuclearcharge.Becausetheatomicradiiofthed-blockelementsaresosimilartheatomsofoneelementcanreplacetheatomsofanotherelementwithminormodificationoftheatomiclocations.Consequently,awiderangeofalloysca
5、nform.Atomicradiiofthed-blockelements(pm).Noticethesimilarityofallthevaluesand,inparticular,theclosesimilaritybetweenthesecondandthirdrowsasaresultofthelanthanidecontraction.(From224pmforBato172pmforLu)(highernuclearchargeandthepoorshieldingeffectofthef-electrons)La-LuThedensities(g
6、/cm3)ofd-metalsat25°C.ThelanthanidecontractionhasapronouncedeffectonthedensitiesoftheelementsinPeriod6,whichareamongthedensestofalltheelements.FerromagneticmaterialsincludeFe,Co,Ni,Gd,CrO2,magnetite.Theycontainregionsofatominwhichelectronsofmanyatomsspininthesamedirectionandgiverise
7、toastrongmagneticfield.Beforemagnetization,thespinsarealmostrandomlyaligned.Aftermagnetizationthespinsarealignedinthesamedirection.TrendsinChemicalPropertiesTherangeofoxidationstatesofeachd-metals.Attheendsofeachrow(Sc,Zn),inoneoxidationstateotherthanzero.Closethecenterofeachrow,ina
8、tleasttwooxidations
