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《Edward L. Glaeser et al Does Institutions Cause Growth？ （2004）》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、JournalofEconomicGrowth,9,271±303,2004#2004KluwerAcademicPublishers.ManufacturedinTheNetherlands.DoInstitutionsCauseGrowth?EDWARDL.GLAESERHarvardUniversityRAFAELLAPORTADartmouthCollegeFLORENCIOLOPEZ-DE-SILANESYaleUniversityANDREISHLEIFERHarvardUniversityWerevisitthedebateoverwhetherpoliticalins
2、titutionscauseeconomicgrowth,orwhether,alternatively,growthandhumancapitalaccumulationleadtoinstitutionalimprovement.We®ndthatmostindicatorsofinstitutionalqualityusedtoestablishthepropositionthatinstitutionscausegrowthareconstructedtobeconceptuallyunsuitableforthatpurpose.Wealso®ndthatsomeofthe
3、instrumentalvariabletechniquesusedintheliteratureare¯awed.BasicOLSresults,aswellasavarietyofadditionalevidence,suggestthat(a)humancapitalisamorebasicsourceofgrowththanaretheinstitutions,(b)poorcountriesgetoutofpovertythroughgoodpolicies,oftenpursuedbydictators,and(c)subsequentlyimprovetheirpoli
4、ticalinstitutions.Keywords:economicdevelopment,economicgrowthandaggregateproductivity,politicaleconomy,propertyrights,institutionsJELclassi®cation:O10,O40,P16,P141.IntroductionToday,boththeUnitedStatesandtheinternationalcommunityfacetwomajordevelopmentchallengesaroundtheworld,fromIraq,toHaiti,t
5、osub-SaharanAfrica:howtoignitegrowthandhowtoestablishdemocracy.Economicresearchhasidenti®edtwobroadapproachestoconfrontingthesechallenges.The®rstapproachemphasizestheneedtostartwithdemocracyandotherchecksongovernmentasthemechanismsforsecuringpropertyrights.Withsuchpoliticalinstitutionsinplace,i
6、nvestmentinhumanandphysicalcapital,andthereforeeconomicgrowth,areexpectedtofollow.Thesecondapproachemphasizestheneedforhumanandphysicalcapitalaccumulationtostarttheprocess.Itholdsthatevenpro-marketdictatorscansecurepropertyrightsasamatterof272EDWARDL.GLAESERETAL.policychoice,notofpoliticalconst
7、raints.Fromthevantagepointofpoorcountries,itseesdemocracyandotherinstitutionalimprovementsastheconsequencesofincreasededucationandwealth,notastheircauses.Bothapproachestodevelopmenthaveextensiveintellectualpedigree.Theimportanceof
