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1.06 Defects and Transport in Oxides and Oxide Scales

1.06 Defects and Transport in Oxides and Oxide Scales

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1、1.06DefectsandTransportinOxidesandOxideScalesB.PieraggiEcoleNationaleSupe´rieuredesInge´nieursenArtsChimiquesetTechnologiquedeToulouse,InstitutNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse,F-31077ToulouseCedex04,Franceß2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.1.06.1Introduction102

2、1.06.2CrystalDefects1021.06.2.1PointDefects:ThermalDefectsandConstitutiveDefects1021.06.2.2Dislocations1041.06.2.3Surfaces1071.06.2.4GrainBoundariesandInterfaces1081.06.3PointDefectsinIonicCrystals1101.06.3.1StructureandBuildingElements:Kro¨ger–VinkNotation110

3、1.06.3.2UseofKro¨ger–VinkNotation:FormationEquilibriumsofFrenkelandSchottkyDisorders1111.06.3.3ElectronicDefectsandIonizedPointDefects1121.06.3.4PointDefectEquilibriumsinNonstoichiometricOxides1131.06.3.4.1p-Typeoxides1131.06.3.4.2n-Typeoxides1141.06.3.5Intrin

4、sicDefectEquilibriumsClosetoStoichiometry1141.06.3.6EffectofImpuritiesonDefectEquilibriums1151.06.3.7ExtendedDefects1151.06.4DiffusionLawsandMassTransportinSolidState1161.06.4.1DiffusionLaws1161.06.4.2LatticeDiffusionandDiffusionMechanisms1171.06.4.3Interdiffu

5、sion,IntrinsicDiffusion,andKirkendallEffectinBinarySolidSolutions1181.06.4.4DiffusioninMultiphaseSystems1191.06.4.5InterdiffusioninTernarySystems1201.06.4.6Short-CircuitDiffusion1211.06.5DiffusionandTransportinOxides1221.06.5.1ChemicalDiffusioninNonstoichiomet

6、ricOxides1221.06.5.2DiffusionProcessesinOxideScales1231.06.5.3OxideScaleMicrostructureandDiffusionProcesses1241.06.5.4PointDefectsandDiffusioninCommonOxides1271.06.5.4.1Nickelandcobaltmonoxides1271.06.5.4.2Ironoxides1281.06.5.4.3Chromia1291.06.5.4.4a-Alumina(a

7、-Al2O3)1291.06.6ConcludingRemarks130References131AbbreviationsSymbolsDIGMDiffusion-inducedgrain-boundarymotionbBurgersvectorofadislocation1PSZPartially-stabilizedzirconianMolarfractionoffreeelectron(mol)1SZStabilizedzirconiapMolarfractionofpositivehole(mol)T

8、LKTerrace-ledge-kinktTime(s)101102PrinciplesofHighTemperatureCorrosionxMolefractionofspeciesi(mole1)todifferentaspectsofdiffusionandmasstransport,iCMolarconcentrationofi(molm3)in

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