Invariance in Pattern Recognition 1987

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1、AUVANCHINtLECTRONICSANDFLFCIRONPHYSICS.VOL6YInvarianceinPatternRecognitionHARRYWECHSLERDepartmentofEluctriculEngineeringUniuersiiyofMinnesoiuMinncwpolis,Minnrsora55455I.Introduction26226411.ComputationalVisionIll.ReviewofBasicConcepts268268A.DigitalImageProcessingB.MarkovChains269270C.G

2、raphTheory270D.SignalAnalysisE.StatisticalPatternRecognition272F.FormalLanguages274275IV.GeometricalInvarianceA.InvariancetoLinearTransformations275B.TheWignerDistributionandConjointSpatial/Spatial-FrequencyRepresentations283C.OrthogonalSeriesExpansion285D.Moments286V.StatisticalInvaria

3、nce290A.WienerFilter290B.AutoregressiveModels291C.ViterbiAlgorithm292D.EigenvalueMethods293E.IntegralGeometry294F.MatchedFilters295VI.Restoration298A.HomomorphicFiltering298B.SimulatedAnnealing299C.MotionDeblur301VII.StructuralMethods303A.Topology303B.SyntacticPatternRecognition304C.The

4、ArtificialIntelligenceApproach306D.NeuralNetworks307E.TheEnvironmentalApproachandEcologicalOptics310F.BinPicking313VIII.Conclusions318References320261Copynght@19x7byAcademicPrcss.Inc.AllrightsofreproductionInanyformrcscrved.262HARRYWECHSLERI.INTRODUCTIONOurconcerninthissurveyisaboutinva

5、rianceinpatternrecognition.Thegoalistodescribecomputationaltechniquesforrecognizingpatterns,invarianttothedistortionstheymighthavebeensubjectto.Thedistortions,tobedescribedanddealtwithinthenextsections,canbegeometricinnature,ortheycanbecausedbychangesinilluminationand/ormotion.Ourtreatm

6、entcannotbeexhaustive;still,wecoverenoughgroundtogivethereadertherightflavoroftheproblem.Patternrecognition(PR)isasubtopicwithincomputervision(CV),oneoftheapplicationareasofartificialintelligence(AI).Tomotivatethemethod-ologyandapproachusedinthecontextofinvarianceinpatternrecognitionwec

7、onsiderthatitismorethanappropriatetodiscussfirstA1ingeneral,andCVinparticular.A1dealswiththetypesofproblemsolvinganddecisionmakingthathumanscontinuouslyfaceindealingwiththeworld.Suchactivityinvolvesbyitsverynaturecomplexity,uncertainty,andambiguitywhichcan“distort”thephenomena(