Two Notions of Freedom in Classical Chinese Thought

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1、Dao(2011)10:463–486DOI10.1007/s11712-011-9245-yTwoNotionsofFreedominClassicalChineseThought:TheConceptofHua化intheZhuangziandtheXunziJIANGTaoPublishedonline:9October2011#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011AbstractThisessayisanattempttosketchouttwocontras

2、tingnotionsoffreedomintheZhuangziandtheXunzi.IarguethattounderstandtheclassicalChineseformulationsoffreedomweshouldlookattheconceptofhua(transformationortotransform).Itisakindoffreedomthathighlightsthemoraland/orspiritualtransformationoftheselfanditsentai

3、lmentsontheconnectionbetweentheselfandvariousdomainsofrelationality.TheZhuangzianhuaisthetransformationoftheselfinsuchawaythattheselfbecomessupremelyattunedtothecomplexityoftheworldandcanthusnavigatevariousdomainsofrelationalitywithextraordinarygrace,ease

4、,andefficacy.TheXunzianhuaisthetransformationoftheselfsothattheselfcanextenditsrelationalitytoincludetheentireworldandtransformitfromarawanduncouthworldtoacivilizedonethroughritualpractices.KeywordsZhuangzi.Xunzi.freedom.hua.self1IntroductionModernscholar

5、shiponclassicalChinesenotionsoffreedomtendstoproceedononeoftwodirections:scholarseitherclaimthatthereisnoconceptoffreedombutthatitisnotindicativeofagapingholetherein,orarguethattherearenotionsoffreedombutthattheyarenotregardedasparticularlyworthyidealswit

6、hinthelargertradition.ChadHansenisarepresentativeinthefirstdirection.AccordingtoChadHansen,“therewasnoconceptinancientConfucianethicswhichcorrespondstothenotionofmoralresponsibility.Further,thereisnocontroversyinChinesethoughtwhichcanbeidentifiedwiththeco

7、ntroversyintheWestontheissueoffreedomandmoralresponsibility”(Hansen1972:170).Hansenisverycareful,however,inmakingsuchastatement:JIANGTao(*)DepartmentofReligion,RutgersUniversity,LoreeHall140,70LipmanDr.,NewBrunswick,NJ08901-8525,USAe-mail:tjiang@rci.rutge

8、rs.edu464JIANGTaoInconcludingthatConfucianismhasnodoctrineoffreedomandmoralresponsibility,IdonotmeantoimplythatthereisagapingholeinConfucianmoralphilosophy.Infact,Ihopetoshowthattheabsenceofsuchadoctrineisquiteconsi