Topological insulators

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1、Feature:Topologicalinsulatorsphysicsworld.comTopologicalinsulatorsThisnewlydiscoveredphaseofmatterhasbecomeoneofthehottesttopicsincondensed-matterphysics.Itishardtounderstand–thereisnodenyingit–buttakeadeepbreath,asCharlesKaneandJoelMooreareheretoexplainwhatallthefussisaboutCharlesKaneisaAsanyone

2、withahealthyfearofstickingtheirfingerscelebratedbythe2010Nobelprize–thatinspiredtheseprofessorofphysicsintoaplugsocketwillknow,thebehaviourofelectronsnewideasabouttopology.attheUniversityofindifferentmaterialsvariesdramatically.ThefirstButonlywhentopologicalinsulatorswerediscov-Pennsylvania.“elec

3、tronicphases”ofmattertobedefinedweretheeredexperimentallyin2007didtheattentionoftheJoelMooreisanelectricalconductorandinsulator,andthencamethecondensed-matter-physicscommunitybecomefirmlyassociateprofessorsemiconductor,themagnetandmoreexoticphasesfocusedonthisnewclassofmaterials.Arelatedtopo-ofph

4、ysicsatsuchasthesuperconductor.Recentworkhas,how-logicalpropertyknownasthequantumHalleffecthadUniversityofever,nowuncoveredanewelectronicphasecalledaalreadybeenfoundin2Dribbonsintheearly1980s,California,Berkeleyandafacultyscientisttopologicalinsulator.Puttingthenametoonesideforbutthediscoveryofth

5、efirstexampleofa3Dtopologi-attheLawrencenow,themeaningofwhichwillbecomeclearlater,calphasereignitedthatearlierinterest.GiventhattheBerkeleyNationalwhatisreallygettingeveryoneexcitedisthebehaviour3Dtopologicalinsulatorsarefairlystandardbulksemi-Laboratory,ofmaterialsinthisphase.Strangely,theycanin

6、sulateconductorsandtheirtopologicalcharacteristicscane-mailjemoore@ontheinsidebutconductontheoutside–actinglikeasurvivetohightemperatures,theirnovelpropertiesberkeley.edu.thickplasticcablecoveredwithalayerofmetal,exceptcouldleadtosomeexcitingapplications.thatthematerialisactuallythesamethroughout

7、.Whatismore,theconductingelectronsarrangethem-Howtheyworkselvesintospin-upelectronstravellinginonedirec-Manyofthemostremarkablephenomenaincon-tion,andspin-downelectronstravellingintheother;densed-matterphysicsareconseq