04,Knowledge representation and reasoning

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1、KnowledgeRepresentationandReasoningRonaldJ.BrachmanAT&TLabs±ResearchFlorhamPark,NewJerseyUSA07932rjb@research.att.comHectorJ.LevesqueDepartmentofComputerScienceUniversityofTorontoToronto,OntarioCanadaM5S3H5hector@cs.toronto.educ2003RonaldJ.BrachmanandHec

2、torJ.LevesqueAcknowledgmentsPrefaceKnowledgeRepresentationistheareaofArti®cialIntelligence(AI)concernedwithhowknowledgecanberepresentedsymbolicallyandmanipulatedinanautomatedwaybyreasoningprograms.Itisattheverycoreofaradicalideaabouthowtounderstandintell

3、igence:insteadoftryingtounderstandorbuildbrainsfromthebottomup,wetrytounderstandorbuildintelligentbehaviorfromthetopdown.Inparticular,weaskwhatanagentwouldneedtoknowinordertobehaveintelli-gently,andwhatcomputationalmechanismscouldallowthisknowledgetobema

4、deavailabletotheagentasrequired.Thisbookisintendedasatextforanintroductorycourseinthisareaofresearch.TherearemanydifferentwaystoapproachandstudytheareaofKnowledgeRepresentation.Onemightthinkintermsofarepresentationlanguagelikethatofsymboliclogic,andconce

5、ntrateonhowlogiccanbeappliedtoproblemsinAI.Thishasledtocoursesandresearchinwhatissometimescalledªlogic-basedAI.ºInadifferentvein,itispossibletostudyKnowledgeRepresentationintermsofthespeci®cationanddevelopmentoflargeknowledge-basedsystems.Fromthislineoft

6、hinkingarisecoursesandresearchinspeci®cationlanguages,knowledgeengineering,andwhataresometimescalledªontologies.ºYetadifferentapproachthinksofKnowledgeRepresentationinaCognitiveSciencesetting,wherethefocusisonplausiblemodelsofhumanmentalstates.Thephiloso

7、phyofthisbookisdifferentfromeachofthese.Here,wecon-centrateonreasoningasmuchasonrepresentation.Indeed,wefeelthatitistheinterplaybetweenreasoningandrepresentationthatmakesthe®eldbothintellectu-allyexcitingandrelevanttopractice.Whywouldanyoneconsiderarepre

8、sentationschemethatwaslessexpressivethanthatofahigher-orderintensionalªkitchen-sinkºlogicifitwerenotforthecomputationaldemandsimposedbyautomatedreasoning?Similarly,eventhemostcomprehensiveontologyorcommonsenseknowledgebase