fukuyama-origins-of-political-order

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1、RachelStrohm!Page1Fukuyama-OriginsofPoliticalOrder25April2011•“Howdidanybodyfirstdevelopbasicpoliticalinstitutions?”•Threeaspectsofgovernance:•Thestate:centralized,hierarchicalsourceofauthoritythatisabletoconcentratepower&enforcerulesoveradefinedterritory•Ruleoflaw:setofrulesthatr

2、eflectthecommunityʼsnotionsofjustice•mustbesuperiortothewillofanyonerunningthegovernment-allequalbeforelaw•Accountability(usedinplaceofword“democracy”becauseitʼsbroader)•accountablegovʼtinEnglandin17thcentury-GloriousRevolution•Stillcenturiesfromrepresentativedemocracy•Canyouhave

3、non-proceduralaccountability?•Moralaccountability-feelingresponsibilitytowardscitizens•Modernstateswithallthreeoftheseinstitutionsare“bitofamiracle”•Believesthatmodernpolisciisnʼthistoricalenough-wedonʼtunderstandcontingentcomplexoriginsoftheseinstitutionsState-building•Focusedo

4、nChinabecauseitwasfirstmodernstate•AlsowantedtoavoidEurocentrismofclassicmodernizationtheory•TypicalmodernizationtheoriststhoughtthatEnglandʼspathofdevelopmentwasuniversal•However,England&Europegenerallywerepeculiar•WhydidChinasetupimpersonalstatein221BC?•Warfare!(orrathertheneed

5、toorganizeforit)•“statemakeswar,andwarmakesthestate”•Chinesedidnothingbutfighteachotherfor~700years(nearly1200warsfrom8thto5thcenturyBC)•Conquestreducedconflicts,asfeweroutlyingareaswerelefttoconquer•Eventually,3000separatetribalorganizationscoalescedintoasinglestate•State-buildin

6、gthroughwarfare•State-buildingisastruggleagainstthefamily•Inclusivefitness:altruismtowardsgeneticrelatives(canleadtonepotism)•Reciprocalaltruism:mutualback-scratching•Howtomovetoimpersonalinstitutionsinsteadoffamilypreference?•ExampleofChina•Needtomobilizepeasantsintoanarmyspurre

7、dcensuses,taxes,etc.•Eventuallyyougetpeopleselectedfortalentsratherthanfamilyconnections•ContemporaryChinahasaveryhigh-qualityauthoritariangovernment•However,neverhadruleorlaworpoliticalaccountability•OttomanEmpire:militaryslaveryusedtodefeatfamilypreference•Slavescouldnʼtmarryo

8、rhavechildren•ServedsamefunctionasCatholicchurc