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1、InflammationHighlymotileprocessesof“resting”micro-REVIEWgliaconstantlysurveythelocalmicroenvironmentandrapidlyrespondtonearbyinjurywithdirectedMicroglia:Scapegoat,Saboteur,processorcellbodymigration(12,13).Micro-gliaclearapoptoticcellsandareinvolvedinbot
2、heliminationandmaintenanceofsynapsesforprop-orSomethingElse?erneuralcircuitwiring.Someofthesefunctionscontinueintoadulthood.Asourtoolsandtech-122AdrianoAguzzi,*BenA.Barres,MarikoL.Bennett*nologyforstudyingmicrogliagrow,sotoowillourunderstandingoftheirrol
3、einthehealthyMicrogliaareresidentimmunecellsinthebrainandspinalcord.Thesecellsprovideimmunebrain(14).surveillanceandaremobilizedinresponsetodisparatediseasesandinjuries.AlthoughmicroglialGeneexpressionandmorphologicalchangesactivationisoftenconsideredneu
4、rotoxic,microgliaareessentialdefendersagainstmanyassociatedwithmicroglialactivationhavebeenneurodegenerativediseases.Italsoseemsincreasinglylikelythatmicroglialdysfunctioncanextensivelystudied(15).Forexample,neuronsin-underliecertainneurologicaldiseasesw
5、ithoutanobviousimmunecomponent.hibitmicroglialactivationthroughbothreceptor-ligandinteractionsthataredependentoncontacthemeaningoftheterm“inflammation”InCNSinflammation,theblood-brainbar-(i.e.,CD200anditsreceptor)andsecretedmol-hasundergoneconsiderableev
6、olution.rier(BBB)limitsentryofpatrollingbonemar-eculessuchasfractalkine(CX3CL1)actingonTOriginallydefinedbyCelsus’fourcar-row(BM)–derivedimmunecells.Instead,residentthemicroglialreceptorCX3CR1[reviewedindinalsignsof“tumor,rubor,caloretdolor”(1),microglia
7、performnormalsurveillance.Micro-(16)].Derepressionoftheseinhibitoryinflu-inflammationtypicallydisplaysextravasationofgliabecomerapidlyactivatedinresponsetoin-enceslikelypromotesmicroglialactivation.Re-bloodcells—granulocytesinthebeginningandjury,undergoi
8、ngmorphologicalandmolecularcently,twoproapoptoticcaspases,capase-8andlymphocytessoonthereafter.Theword“neuro-changesoftenassociatedwithneurotoxicity.Thesecaspase-3/7,wereshowntopromotemicroglialinflammation,”however,isincr
