Arabic-grammar

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1、Arabicgrammar1ArabicgrammarArabicgrammar(Arabic:ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪorībara‘wḥanﻧﺤﻮﻋﺮﺑﻲﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔqawā‘idal-lughahal-‘arabīyah)isthegrammaroftheArabiclanguage.ArabicisaSemiticlanguageanditsgrammarhasmanysimilaritieswiththegrammarofotherSemiticlanguages.Thearticlefocusesbothonthegram

2、marofLiteraryArabic(i.e.ClassicalArabicandModernStandardArabic,whichhavelargelythesamegrammar)andofthecolloquialspokenvarietiesofArabic.Thegrammarofthetwotypesislargelysimilarinitsparticulars.Generally,thegrammarofClassicalArabicisdescribedfirst,followedbytheareasinwhi

3、chthecolloquialvariantstendtodiffer(notethatnotallcolloquialvariantshavethesamegrammar).Thelargestdifferencesbetweenthetwosystemsarethelossofgrammaticalcase;thelossoftheprevioussystemofgrammaticalmood,alongwiththeevolutionofanewsystem;thelossoftheinflectedpassivevoice,

4、exceptinVisualizationofArabicgrammarfromtheQuranicArabicCorpusafewrelicvarieties;andrestrictionintheuseofthedualnumber.HistoryTheidentityoftheoldestArabicgrammarianisdisputed;somesourcesstatethatitwasAbu-Aswadal-Du'ali,whoestablisheddiacriticalmarksandvowelsforArabicin

5、themid-600s,thoughnoneofhisworkshavesurvived.[1]OthershavesaidthattheearliestgrammarianwouldhavebeenIbnAbiIshaq(diedAD735/6,AH117).[2]TheschoolsofBasraandKufafurtherdevelopedgrammaticalrulesinthelate700swiththerapidriseofIslam.[3][4]FromtheschoolofBasra,tworepresentati

6、veslaidimportantfoundationsforthefield:Al-KhalilibnAhmadal-FarahidiauthoredthefirstArabicdictionaryandbookofArabicprosody,andhisstudentSibawayhauthoredthefirstbookontheoriesofArabicgrammar.[1]TheeffortsofbothconsilidatedBasra'sreputationastheanalyticschoolofgrammar,whi

7、letheKufanschoolwasregardingastheguardianofArabicpoetryandArabculture.[2]Thedifferenceswerepolarizinginsomecases,withearlyMuslimscholarMuhammadibn`Isaat-TirmidhifavoringtheKufanschoolduetoitsconcernwithpoetryasaprimarysource.[5]EarlyArabicgrammarsweremoreorlesslistsofr

8、ules,withoutthedetailedexplanationswhichwouldbeaddedinlatercenturies.Theearliestschoolsweredifferentnotonlyinsomeofth