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1、ResearchPolicy34(2005)12501268Howtoinstitutionalizeinnovativeclusters?Comparingexplicittop-downandimplicitbottom-upapproachesMartinaFromhold-Eisebith∗,GunterEisebith¨DepartmentofGeography,GeologyandMineralogy,UniversityofSalzburg,Hellbrunnerstr.34,A-5020Salzburg,A
2、ustriaReceived12August2004;receivedinrevisedform10February2005;accepted14February2005Availableonline24June2005AbstractTheclusterconcepthasbecomeapopularguidelineforregionalpoliciesfosteringindustrialcompetitivenessandinnovative-nessbasedonsectoralspecializationand
3、collaboration.Thisarticlediscussestheissueofeffectiveinstitutionalformsofclusterpromotion,juxtaposingtwomodes:Explicitclusterpoliciesimplementedtop-downbyregionalauthoritiesandimplicitinitiativesthatareorganizedandfinancedbottom-upbygroupsoffirms.Bothapproachesareco
4、mparedfromatheoreticalandempiri-calperspective,pointingoutdifferingpatternsofeffects,relativestrengthsandweaknesses.Realizationofthesedifferences,consideredinrelationtoregionalpreconditionsandobjectives,mayhelptoadequatelyinstitutionalizeclustersupport.©2005Elsevi
5、erB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Clusterpolicy;Clusterinitiative;Regionaleconomicpromotion;Institutions1.Introductionclusteredfirmstendtobemoreinnovativethannon-clusteredones(BaptistaandSwann,1998;Baptista,Thenotionofcluster,despiteitslackofconceptual2000;challenge
6、dbyMartinandSunley(2003)).ThereclarityascriticizedbyMartinandSunley(2003),hasareevenclustermanualsofferingpracticalguid-gainedworldwiderecognitionasaguidelineforeco-ance(ClusterNavigatorsLtd.,2001;Rosenfeld,2002),nomicpromotionpolicies,acknowledgingthe(subna-which
7、,however,provideroughprescriptionsrathertional)regionallevelasasuitablearenaforsupportingthansoundpolicymodelsonhowtoeffectivelyfos-industrialinnovativeness(EUCommission,2002;Kee-terspatialagglomerationsofcompetitive,innovativebleandWilkinson,2000;OECD,1999,2001;S
8、olvell¨sectorrelatedfirms.Developingaconsistenttheoryetal.,2003).Someevidenceseemstoconfirmthatofpracticeisdifficult,though,becausejustastheclusterconceptl
