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1、IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS,VOL.13,NO.4,JULY1998651OptimizedTransformerDesign:InclusiveofHigh-FrequencyEffectsWilliamGerardHurley,SeniorMember,IEEE,WernerHugoWolfle,andJohnG.Breslin,¨StudentMember,IEEEAbstractÐSwitchingcircuits,operatingathighfrequencies,Dimensionlessconstants[see(26)]
2、.haveledtoconsiderablereductionsinthesizeofmagneticCorestackingfactor.componentsandpowersupplies.Nonsinusoidalvoltageandcur-Powerfactor.rentwaveformsandhigh-frequencyskinandproximityeffectsSkin-effectfactor.contributetotransformerlosses.Traditionally,transformerde-signhasbeenbasedonsinusoida
3、lvoltageandcurrentwave-Windowutilizationfactor.formsoperatingatlowfrequencies.ThephysicalandelectricalProximity-effectfactor.propertiesofthetransformerformthebasisofanewdesignMassofcore.methodologywhiletakingfullaccountofthecurrentandvoltageNumberofwindings.waveformsandhigh-frequencyeffects.
4、CoreselectionisbasedonNumberofturns.theoptimumthroughputofenergywithminimumlosses.Theoptimumcoreisfounddirectlyfromthetransformerspecifica-Ironlosses.tions:frequency,poweroutput,andtemperaturerise.ThedesignCopperlosses.methodologyisillustratedwithadetaileddesignofapush±pullDCresistanceofawind
5、ing.converter.ACresistanceofawinding.IndexTermsÐHigh-frequencyeffects,magneticcircuits,opti-Thermalresistance.mization,switchingcircuits,transformers.Maximumoperatingtemperature.Volumeofcore.Volumeofwindings.NOMENCLATUREVAVolts±ampratingofwinding.Physicalcross-sectionalareaofmagneticcir-Aver
6、agevalueofvoltageovertime.cuit.Windowarea.Effectivecross-sectionalareaofmagneticElectricalconductionarea.circuit.Materialconstants[see(13)].Windowarea,cross-sectionalarea,.Skindepth.Surfaceareaofwoundtransformer..Barewireconductionarea.Temperaturerise.Maximumfluxdensity.Massdensityofcoremater
7、ial.Optimumfluxdensity.Electricalresistivityofwindingat.Saturationfluxdensity.Timeforfluxtogofromzeroto.Thicknessoffoilorlayer.Relativepermeabilityofcorematerial.Dutycycle.Permeabilityoffreespace,410H/m.Frequencyinhertz.Coefficientofheattransferbyconve
