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1、ForthcominginJournalofTechnologyTransferRegionalInnovationSystems:TheIntegrationofLocal‘Sticky’andGlobal‘Ubiquitous’KnowledgeByBjørnT.Asheim,CentreforTechnology,InnovationandCulture,SciencePark,P.O.Box1108Blindern,N-0349Oslo,andDepartmentofSociologyandHu
2、manGeography,P.O.Box1096,Blindern,N-0317Oslo,UniversityofOslo/STEPGroup,Oslo,Norway(E-mail:b.t.asheim@sgeo.uio.no)andArneIsaksen,STEPGroup,Storgaten1,N-0155Oslo,Norway(E-mail:arne.isaksen@step.no)AbstractThepaperexamineshowfirmsinthreeregionalclustersinN
3、orwaydominatedbyshipbuilding,mechanicalengineeringandelectronicsindustry,respectivelyexploitbothplace-specificlocalresourcesaswellasexternal,world-classknowledgetostrengthentheircompetitiveness.Fromthesecase-studieswemakefourpoints:1)Ideal-typicalregiona
4、linnovationsystems,i.e.regionalclusters‘surrounded’bysupportinglocalorganisations,isratheruncommoninNorway2)Externalcontacts,outsideofthelocalindustrialmilieu,arecrucialininnovationprocessesalsoinmanySMEs.3)Innovationprocessesmayneverthelessberegardedasr
5、egionalphenomenainregionalclusters,asregionalresourcesandcollaborativenetworksoftenhavedecisivesignificanceforfirms’innovationactivity.4)Regionalresourcesincludeinparticularplace-specific,contextualknowledgeofbothtacitandcodifiednature,that,incombination
6、,israthergeographicallyimmobile.11.IntroductionEveninaglobalisingeconomywithitsincreasedinterdependencybetweenfirmsindifferentnations,severalauthorssimultaneouslypointtoanincreasedimportanceofplace-specificandoftennon-economicfactorsincreatingcompetitive
7、advantageanddifferencesinregionaleconomicgrowthrate.Thus,Porterarguesthat‘theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasinglyinlocalthings–knowledge,relationships,motivations–thatdistantrivalscannotmatch’(Porter1998:78).Thecruxofthisregionali
8、sationargumentisthattheregional(sub-national)level,andspecificlocalandregionalresourcesmaystillbeimportantinfirms’efforttoobtainglobalcompetitiveness.Thus,awiderangeofliteraturehasemphasisedregionalisationasatleastpartofth
