无机化学02完整版

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1、无机化学02郝鹏，周福强，佘星欣，孙瑞婷，陈苏文1Lasttimelookedattheauroraandfireworksassourcesofphoton(‘particle’ofe-mradiation)andphonon(‘particle’ofthermalradiation):Auroracolorsareemissionlines(photons)fromtheoxygenatomandelectrongainbyN2+ion.Spectralemissionlinesforoxygenatom.Noted

2、thattheseare‘quantised’(fixedunitsofenergy).i.e.canonlyhavecertainvalues,asshownbytheformulaforthevisibleline(‘Balmerseries’)spectraofthehydrogenatom.RHistheRydbergconstant,itcanbecalculatedfromspectroscopicdataorfromquantummechanicsusingfundamentalconstants.能级（e

3、v）电离能（13.6ev）光子：电磁辐射粒子声子：热辐射粒子极光的颜色是氧原子和从+2价N离子中得到的电子的发射普线。氧原子的发射谱线只有一些确定值，可以参看右图氢原子光谱的巴尔末线系2量子化得，固定的能量单元Alsosawthevibrationalmotionsofwatercanbesummedassimpleharmonicoscillationsanditisaspecificsetofthesethatresultinabsorption~700nm:LookedattheheatcapacityCv:muc

4、hhigherCvforliquidduemoredegreesoffreedom:U=internalenergyT=temperatureS=entropysand-hotWater-coolbothreceivesameamountofradiantenergy(sunlight)Andthatatroomtemperature,theheatcapacityCvforasolid(effectivelyameasureofphonondensity)canbedescribedby:Howeveratlowert

5、emperaturessawthat:水分子的震动可以概括为简单谐波震动，这些特殊的设置导致吸收约700nm（波长的光线？）热容受相同辐射下沙子是热的，水是凉的液体的热容高是因为它们的自由度高，温度是内能对熵的偏导数，在定体积下室温下固体的热容公式：（对声子密度的有效测量）但是在更低的温度下3itisnecessaryto‘quantise’theenergylevelsandthatthechangefromclassicaltoquantumbehavioroccursatthe‘Debyetemperature’(

6、avalueinitiallyusedto‘fittheexperimentalcurve’).SawthatthePlankconstant,h,wasintroducedtoaccountfor‘blackbody’curves:The‘link’betweenalltheaforementionedarethedeBroglieequations:givingriseto‘waveparticleduality’.λ=wavelength,p=momentum,f=frequency,E=energy,andh=P

7、lank’sconstant.必须对能级进行量子化，在得拜温度（适合实验曲线的一个初始值）时涉及到量子力学与经典力学的转变为了计算“黑体”曲线引入普朗克常数前面提到的这些引出了德布洛伊物态方程式，建立了波长、动量、频率、能量之间的关系。从而引出了波粒二象性4FinishedoffwithalookattheSchrodingerequation:Hamiltoniandescribingtotalenergykineticenergyofallelectronselectron-nuclearattractionelec

8、tron-electronrepulsionnuclear-nuclearrepulsionThispartialdifferentialequationisimpossible(atthistime)tosolveexactly(beyondthehydrogenmolecule).But…..TheTianhe-