资源描述：
《美国文学4new》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、Chapter4TranscendentalismI.NewEnglandTranscendentalism1.Americantranscendentalismor“NewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”ismoreofatendency,anattitude,thanthephilosophyoftranscendentalists.To“Transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits.Transcendentaliststoo
2、ktheirideasfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope,fromnew-Platonism,fromGermanidealisticphilosophy,andfromtherevelationsofOriental-mysticism.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.2.NativeandforeigninfluencesonTranscendentalismNewEnglandTranscendentalis
3、mwas,inessence,romanticidealismonPuritansoil.Itwasasystemofthoughtthatoriginatedfromthreesources:1)Unitarianism(唯一神教派教义）,2)theromanticliteratureofEuropeandGermanidealisticphilosophy.3)orientalmysticismasrevealedinHinduandChineseclassicsinEnglishtranslation.3.TranscendentalclubSomeNe
4、wEnglanders,notquitehappyaboutthematerialistic-orientedlifeoftheirtime,formedthemselvesintoaninformalclub,theTranscendentalClub,andmettodiscussmattersofinteresttothelifeofthenationasawhole.Theyexpressedtheirviews,publishedtheirjournal,“TheDial”,andmadetheirvoiceheard.Theclubwithmemb
5、ershipofsomethirtymenandacoupleofwomenincludedEmerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcottandsoon,mostofthembeingteachersorclergymen,radicalsreactingagainstthefaithofBostonbusinessmenandthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianism.4.ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism1)theTranscendentalistsplacedemphasi
6、sonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.2)Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3)TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Everythi
7、ngintheuniversewasviewedasanexpressionofthedivinespirit.超验主义,“新英格兰超验主义”或“美国文艺复兴”是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。它兴起于1830年代的新英格兰地区，其领导人是美国思想家、诗人爱默生，经过不断发展成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。超验主义强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，具有强烈的批判精神。其社会目标是建立一个道德完满、真正民主自由的社会，表现了乌托邦式的理想色彩，其精神并成为美国文化中一个重要遗产。超验主义的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的一切
8、都是宇宙的一个缩影--"世界将其自身缩
