200 Ways to Pass the Chemistry

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1、200WaystoPasstheChemistryPhysicalSettingRegentsExam1.Protonsarepositivelycharged(+).2.Neutronshavenocharge.3.Electronsaresmallandarenegativelycharged(-).4.Protons&neutronsareinanatom’snucleus(nucleons).5.Electronsarefoundin“clouds”(orbitals)aroundanatom’snucleus.6.Thema

2、ssnumberisequaltoanatom’snumberofprotonsandneutronsaddedtogether.7.Theatomicnumberisequaltothenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.8.Thenumberofneutrons=massnumber–atomicnumber.9.Isotopesareatomswithequalnumbersofprotons,butdifferintheirneutronnumbers.10.Cationsarepositi

3、ve(+)ionsandformwhenaneutralatomloseselectrons.Theyaresmallerthantheirparentatom.11.Anionsarenegativeionsandformwhenaneutralatomgainselectrons.Theyarelargerthantheirparentatom.12.ErnestRutherford’sgoldfoilexperimentshowedthatanatomismostlyemptyspacewithasmall,dense,posi

4、tively-chargednucleus.13.J.J.Thompsondiscoveredtheelectronanddevelopedthe“plum-pudding”modeloftheatom.+-+-Positive&negative+-+-+particlesspreadthroughout-+-+entireatom.-14.Dalton’smodeloftheatomwasasolidsphereofmatterthatwasuniformthroughout.15.TheBohrModeloftheatomplac

5、edelectronsin“planet-like”orbitsaroundthenucleusofanatom.16.Thecurrent,wave-mechanicalmodeloftheatomhaselectronsin“clouds”(orbitals)aroundthenucleus.17.USETHEREFERENCETABLES!!!18.“STP”means“StandardTemperatureandPressure.”(273Kelvin&1atm)19.Electronsemitenergyaslightwhe

6、ntheyjumpfromhigherenergylevelsbackdowntolower(groundstate)energylevels.Brightlinespectraareproduced.20.Elementsarepuresubstancescomposedofonlyonekindofatom.21.Binarycompoundsaresubstancesmadeupofonlytwokindsofatoms.(examples:H2O,NH3,CO2)22.Diatomicmoleculesareelementst

7、hatformtwoatommoleculesintheirnaturalformatSTP.Rememberthephrase–“BrINClHOF”(Br2,I2,N2,CL2,H2,O2,F2)23.Usethisdiagramtohelpdeterminethenumberofsignificantfiguresinameasuredvalue…PacificAtlanticIfthedecimalpointispresent,startcountingdigitsfromthePacific(left)side,starti

8、ngwiththefirstnon-zerodigit.1230.00310(3sig.figs.)Ifthedecimalpointisabsent,startcountingdigitsfromtheAtlantic