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1、ANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYOFMEMORY.BYE.A.KIRKPATRICK,Winona,Minn.Acompleteactofmemoryrequiresthatimpressionsshallberetained,recalled,andrecognizedasfamiliarandasbelong-ingwithcertainotherimpressions.Theperfectnessofanyactofmemorydependsuponthekindandintensityoftheim-pre
2、ssionsandoftheassociationsbetweenthem.Impressionsareofsixkinds,visual,auditory,motor,tactual,gustatory,olfactory,butthethreefirstnamedareofmostimportanceinmemory.Thefollowingexperimentsweremadetodeterminewhichofthesethreekindsofimpressionsarebestretained,andtodis
3、covertherelationexistingbetweenrecallandrecog-nition.Method.—Thirtynamesofcommonobjectswerechosenandarrangedinthreecolumnsasfollows,carebeingtakennottoputtogetherwordscommonlyassociated:I.II.III.boxdoorpendeskstoolspoonthumbslatepencilchainrugknifecaphingeshearsb
4、roomcornspoolsockpeachbottlebirdshoethimbleaxehatspectaclespostwatchbookThetestwasmadeuponthepupilsofatypicalschoolandcollegeinallgradesfromthethirdprimaryup.ThewordsinColumnI.werepronouncedtothemattherateofaboutoneeverytwoseconds;thoseofColumnII,havingbeenprevio
5、uslywrittenupontheboard,wereuncoveredoneatatime,and602ANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYOFMEMORY.6O3rubbedoutataboutthesamerate;whiletheobjectsnamedinColumnIIIwereshownatthesamerate.Ineachcaseafterthetenwordsweregiventhepupilswroteasmanyofthemastheycouldremember.Threedayslater(
6、inafewcasestwodays),atthesamehour,thepupilswereaskedtowriteasmanywordsofeachcolumnastheycouldremember.Theywerethengivenorallythefollowinglistsofwords:IV.V.VI.loudblackratbangsparklespadewhisperyellowsheepboomredrakesplashgloomnesthissbrightmousebuzzgreenleafwhizw
7、hitehentinkleshadowcatringpinkcoatTheywereaskedtothinkofthesoundofthefirst,ofthevisualappearancesuggestedbythesecondlist,andoftheob-jectsnamedinthethird.Howcloselytheyfollowedthesedirectionsitisimpossibletosay,buttheirfacesindicatedthattheyweretryingtodoso.Therew
8、ereafewindicationsinthepapersofattemptstoguessthewordsinColumnsIVandVthattheycouldnotrecall,butthiswastrueofonlyafew.Results.—Thefollowingtableshowstheaveragen
