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1、IUndergroundandUnderwaterExplosionandTheirEffectsI.1UndergroundExplosionPlowshareisthenamegiventotheprogramoftheUSAtomicEnergyCom-mission(USAEC)fordevelopingpeacefulusesfornuclearexplosions,anditisthepurposeofthispapertosummarizethehistoryoftheprogramanddescribeitscurrentstatusandoutlookfo
2、rthefuture.Thepeacefulusesofnuclearexplosionscanbegroupedintothefollowingthreecategories:under-groundengineering,excavation,andscientificstudies.Undergroundengineer-ingapplicationsutilizetheeffectsofcompletelycontainednuclearexplosions,whileexcavationapplicationsutilizethecrateringeffectsofl
3、essdeeplyburiednuclearexplosives.Scientificapplicationsmakeuseoftheextremelyhighdensityofneutronsandotheruniquecharacteristicsofnuclearexplosions.IntheearlyyearsofthePlowshareprogramalmostaleffortwasdirectedtowardconductingbasicresearchontheprocessesandphenomenaassociatedwithnuclearexplosio
4、ns.ThisincludednuclearexplosionexperimentssuchasGnome,ascientificexperimentandthefirstPlowsharenuclearexperiment,conductedinDecember1961,andSedan,thefirstPlowsharenuclearcrater-ingexperiment,conductedinJuly1962.Inaddition,manyofthenucleartests,conductedforotherpurposes,werestudiedingreatdeta
5、ilandrelevantdatawereintegratedintotheexpandingPlowshareliterature.Thisconsistsprimarilyoftheinvestigationofundergroundnuclearexplosionphenomenol-ogy,thedesignandconductofnuclearexplosionexperiments,thedesignandtestingofappropriatenuclearexplosives,andrelatedengineering.Othergov-ernmentag
6、enciesandprivatecompaniesundercontractwiththeUSAECprovideexpertiseandassistanceintheareasofpublichealth,meteorology,radiologicalsafety,seismologyandstructuralresponsetogroundmotion.Alsoprivateindustryonitsowninitiativehasperformedagreatdealofresearchintheconventionalaspectsofthepeacefulnu
7、clearexplosionapplicationsnowbeingconsidered,suchasgasstimulation,gasstorage,andinsitumineralleaching.1100IUndergroundandUnderwaterExplosionandTheirEffectsTheuseofnuclearexplosionsforundergroundengineeringandexcavationapplicationsmustmeetthreemajorcriteria.Thefirstist
