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1、EvaluateanArgument "•Identify the logical 0laws 谬误类型"Survey&DataFlaws"Cause & Effect Fallacy "Analogy & Comparison Fallacy "Hasty Generaliza:on Survey&DataFlaws!"The Result of the Survey "TheProcedureoftheSurveyTheProcedureoftheSurvey!"Quality & Quan:ty of the sample (2Q) "Who conducted the
2、survey? "When was the survey conducted? "What ques:on was asked in the survey? "Respondents TheResultoftheSurvey!"Vague Data "Incompleteness Survey&DataFlaws!"KW: survey, study, sample, respondent, response, answer, 1500, 96% Quality of the Sample "质疑原理：样本选择不随机，不具有代表性"质疑技巧：判断调查对象是什么; 调查对象
3、加了几层修饰，就是几层片面QuantityoftheSample"!质疑原理"样本数量不明确。（即便有典型性也不能说明问题。）质疑技巧"样本数量多是错，少是错，没说数量更是错"围绕基数弱化‐有绝对数值攻击相对比值;有相对比值攻击绝对数值‐有数据就是不全面的数据，就是漏洞。Quality & Quantity the Sample"E.g. 135, 50, 113 2Q评价机理""讲义P81Whoconductedthesurvey?"质疑原理：调查者是否中立影响调查结果可信度"标志词：主观代词"e.g. T81 "评价机理：P81 T81"The augur took the
4、 reliability of the test for granted. However, the reality is far from that: the test is launched by the company and all chemists that par:cipate in are staff of the company. As a result, it is in all likelihood that the chemists fail to tell the truth due to the inclina:on to protect the com
5、pany’s posi:ve public image. Without convincing answers to the ques:on whether the test is processed neutrally, the test means li^le in suppor:ng the final conclusion. Whenwasthesurveyconducted?"质疑原理：在时间轴上，做调查的时间和通过调查得出结论的时间要足够得近。"评价机理：P81 "e.g. T 85 Whatquestionwasaskedinthesurvey?"质疑原理：是否涉及
6、有利于结论而不得不回答的问题"e.g. T55 "评价机理：P81 Respondents"质疑原理："被访者是否说真话？（forthright？）"被访者是否具有代表性？（representative?）"被访者是否匿名？（anonymous？）"被访结果是否保密? （confidential？）关联标志词：report!e.g.T22!Respondents"评价机理：P81-82TheResultoftheSurvey"Incompleteness "VagueData!VagueData"1）攻击“无相对比值”"标志：a number of, few, some, se
7、veral, a lot of "评价机理: P82 VagueData"e.g. 61, 62 T62"The arguer assumes that the so‐called significant pa:ent infec:on reduc:on in W can be regarded as the evidence of U’s effec:veness. However, this assump:on fails to inform us the base amount of th
