Scaling, dimensional analysis, and indentation measurements

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1、MaterialsScienceandEngineeringR44(2004)91–149Scaling,dimensionalanalysis,andindentationmeasurementsa,*bYang-TseCheng,Che-MinChengaMaterialsandProcessesLaboratory,GeneralMotorsResearchandDevelopmentCenter,Warren,MI48090,USAbStateKeyLaboratoryforNonlinearMech

2、anics,InstituteofMechanics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,ChinaAvailableonline19July2004AbstractWeprovideanoverviewofthebasicconceptsofscalinganddimensionalanalysis,followedbyareviewofsomeoftherecentworkonapplyingtheseconceptstomodelinginstrumentedi

3、ndentationmeasurements.Specifically,weexamineconicalandpyramidalindentationinelastic–plasticsolidswithpower-lawwork-hardening,inpower-lawcreepsolids,andinlinearviscoelasticmaterials.Weshowthatthescalingapproachtoindentationmodelingprovidesnewinsightsintoseve

4、ralbasicquestionsininstrumentedindentation,including,whatinformationiscontainedintheindentationload–displacementcurves?Howdoeshardnessdependonthemechanicalpropertiesandindentergeometry?Whatarethefactorsdeterminingpiling-upandsinking-inofsurfaceprofilesaround

5、indents?Canstress–strainrelationshipsbeobtainedfromindentationload–displacementcurves?Howtomeasuretimedependentmechanicalpropertiesfromindentation?Howtodetectorconfirmindentationsizeeffects?Thescalingapproachalsohelpsorganizeknowledgeandprovidesaframeworkfor

6、bridgingmicro-andmacro-scales.Wehopethatthisreviewwillaccomplishtwopurposes:(1)introducingthebasicconceptsofscalinganddimensionalanalysistomaterialsscientistsandengineers,and(2)providingabetterunderstandingofinstrumentedindentationmeasurements.#2004Publishe

7、dbyElsevierB.V.Keywords:Scaling;Analysis;Indentation1.IntroductionTheperceptionofhardnessisperhapsasancientashumanexistence.Itisthenaturalconsequenceofourabilitytosensethesurroundingworldthroughphysicalcontact.Infact,wedevelopanintuitiveappreciationof‘‘hard

8、’’and‘‘soft’’asinfantsbeforewelearntotalkorwalk.However,itisonlyfairlyrecent(about100yearsorso)thatquantitativescalesofhardnessandmeasurementmethodsweredevelopedformaterialspropertycharacterization.The