An Introduction to Oil and Gas 中英对照

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1、1.Generation1.概论Petroleumisahighlyvariablemixtureofhydrocarbonsmixedwithoxygen,sulphur,nitrogen,andotherelements,includingbothliquidsandgases(partofthegasbeinginsolutionbecauseofthehighpressure).Crudeoilsvaryincolor,fromcleartotar-black,andinviscosity,fromwatertoalmo

2、stsolid.Theyarethoughttobederivedfromancientorganicmaterialwhichexistedmanymillionsofyearsago(henceitisknownasafossilfuel).Theremainsofmarineplantandanimallifeweredepositedalongwithrock-formingsedimentsundertheseawheretheyweredecomposedanaerobically(withoutoxygen)byb

3、acteriawhichchangedthefatsinthesedimentsintofattyacidswhichwerethenchangedintoanasphalticmaterialcalledkerogen.Thiswasthenconvertedovermillionsofyearsintopetroleumbythecombinedactionofheatandpressure.Therateofdepositionofthesedimentsmustbesufficientlyrapidfortheorgan

4、icmattertobepreservedbyburialbeforebeingdestroyedbydecay.Astimegoesontheorganicmaterialisburieddeeperandhenceisexposedtohighertemperaturesandpressures.Eventuallychemicalchangesresultinthegenerationofpetroleum.Ultimatelythesubsidencewillstopandmayevenreverse.石油是一种以碳氢化

5、合物为主，并含有氧、硫、氮及其他元素，以气液两相形式混合存在的高度多样化的混合物（其中部分气体在高压情况下以溶解气的形式存在）。原油的颜色多种多样，从浅色到焦油色；粘度也不尽相同，有的是流动的液体，有的则近似固体。一般观点认为，原油由几百万年前的有机物形成（因此原油也被称为化石燃料）。海洋植物和动物的遗体和其他的成岩沉积物一起沉积在海底，细菌对其进行厌氧（无氧）分解，并将其中的脂肪转化为脂肪酸，然后脂肪酸转化为一种叫做干酪根的沥青材料。干酪根在高温高压的共同作用下经过几百万年的时间转化成石油。沉积物的沉降速度必须足够迅速，才能保

6、证有机物在腐烂破坏之前能够被埋藏储存起来。随着时间的推移，有机物越埋越深，因此所受的温度和压力也越来越大，直至发生化学变化形成石油。最终沉降停止，甚至可能转而上升。Asthegreatweightoftheoverlyingrocksand22sedimentspusheddownward,theorganicmaterialwassqueezedoutofitsoriginalsedimentarymudintoadjacentsandstones.Smallglobulesofoilcollectedtogetherinth

7、eporesoftherockandeventuallymigratedupwardsthroughlayersofporousrockbytheactionoftheoil'sownsurfacetension(capillaryaction),bytheforceofwatermovementwithintherock,andbygaspressure.Indeed,someofiteventuallyreachedthesurfaceandcollectedinlargepoolsoftar,whicharecalled‘

8、seeps’or‘shows’.However,somepetroleumdidnotreachthesurface.Instead,itsupwardmigrationwasstoppedbyanimperviousorimpermeablelayerofro