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1、章节分类：◆社会生活类（TEST1-2）◆科普知识类（TEST3-4）◆文化教育类（TEST5-7）◆人物传记类（TEST9）◆经济管理类（TEST9-10）◆医疗卫生类（TEST11-12）◆社会生活类TEST1Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhu
2、manrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishing
3、atigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,iti
4、sunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit,howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutot
5、hinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentf
6、romanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorally
7、equivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical.”Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withou
8、twhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)W
