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1、INVITEDPAPEREnvironmentalWirelessSensorNetworksThispaperreviewsrecentexperimentswithnetworksforenvironmentalandagriculturalapplications;italsoprovidesacriticalreviewofrecentresearchandconsidersfuturechallengesandopportunities.ByPeterCorke,FellowIEEE,TimWark,MemberIE
2、EE,RajaJurdak,MemberIEEE,WenHu,MemberIEEE,PhilipValencia,MemberIEEE,andDarrenMoore,MemberIEEEABSTRACT
3、Thispaperisconcernedwiththeapplicationofmentsarerelayedtoabasestation,butWSNscanalsowirelesssensornetwork(WSN)technologytolong-durationperformin-networkprocessingop
4、erationssuchasaggre-andlarge-scaleenvironmentalmonitoring.Theholygrailisagation,eventdetection,oractuation.systemthatcanbedeployedandoperatedbydomainspe-ThefirstWSNpapersadecadeago[1]clearlyarti-cialistsnotengineers,butthisremainssomedistanceintotheculatedthepromise
5、ofthetechnologyforadiverserangeoffuture.Wepresentourviewsastowhythisfieldhasprogressedmonitoringapplicationsincludingforests,waterways,lessquicklythanmanyenvisageditwouldoveradecadeago.buildings,security,andthebattlefield,andhowitwouldWeuserealexamplestakenfromourow
6、nworkinthisfieldtotransformthewaywedoscienceandbusiness.Onedecadeillustratethetechnologicaldifficultiesandchallengesthatareon,itisclearthatprogresshasnotbeenasfastaswasentailedinmeetingend-userrequirementsforinformationpredicted.Insteadofsmartdustsprinkledfromaircra
7、ftwe1gatheringsystems.Reliabilityandproductivityarekeycon-havelargenodesconnectedbymyriadwirestotransdu-cernsandinfluencethedesignchoicesforsystemhardwarecers.Theresearchcommunityisstillconcernedwithnet-andsoftware.Weconcludewithadiscussionoflong-termworkingandmaxim
8、izingthelifetimeofnetworkspoweredchallengesforWSNtechnologyinenvironmentalmonitoringfromfiniteelectrochemicalprimarycells.Whilemanyandoutlineourvisionofthefuture.havereportedsample-and-sendsystemswithtensofnodesandoperationaldurationsfromdaystoyears,otherfea-KEYWORD
9、S
10、Environmentalmonitoring;wirelesssensorturesenvisagedattheoutsetsuchaseventdetection,network(WSN)sensingandactuation,ortheintegrationofro
