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1、TransactionsinGIS,2009,13(s1):526ResearchArticleAccuracyofiPhoneLocations:AComparisonofAssistedGPS,WiFiandCellularPositioningPaulAZandbergenDepartmentofGeographyUniversityofNewMexicoAbstractThe3GiPhonewasthefirstconsumerdevicetoprovideaseamlessintegrationofthre
2、epositioningtechnologies:AssistedGPS(A-GPS),WiFipositioningandcellularnetworkpositioning.Thisstudypresentsanevaluationoftheaccuracyoflocationsobtainedusingthesethreepositioningmodesonthe3GiPhone.A-GPSlocationswerevalidatedusingsurveyedbenchmarksandcomparedtoat
3、raditionallow-costGPSreceiverrunningsimultaneously.WiFiandcellularpositionsforindoorloca-tionswerevalidatedusinghighresolutionorthophotography.ResultsindicatethatA-GPSlocationsobtainedusingthe3GiPhonearemuchlessaccuratethanthosefromregularautonomousGPSunits(av
4、eragemedianerrorof8mforten20-minutefieldtests)butappearsufficientformostLocationBasedServices(LBS).WiFilocationsusingthe3GiPhonearemuchlessaccurate(medianerrorof74mfor58observations)andfailtomeetthepublishedaccuracyspecifications.PositionalerrorsinWiFialsoreveale
5、rraticspatialpatternsresultingfromthedesignofthecalibrationeffortunderlyingtheWiFipositioningsystem.Cellularpositioningusingthe3GiPhoneistheleastaccuratepositioningmethod(medianerrorof600mfor64observations),consistentwithpreviousstudies.Prosandconsofthethreepo
6、sition-ingtechnologiesarepresentedintermsofcoverage,accuracyandreliability,fol-lowedbyadiscussionoftheimplicationsforLBSusingthe3GiPhoneandsimilarmobiledevices.1IntroductionReliablelocationinformationhasbecomeacornerstoneofmanyapplications,includingemergencyse
7、rvices,navigation,commercialservices,recreation,trackingandnetwork-Addressforcorrespondence:PaulA.Zandbergen,DepartmentofGeography,BandelierWestRoom111,MSC011110,1UniversityofNewMexico,Alburquerque,NM87131,USA.E-mail:zandberg@unm.edu©2009BlackwellPublishingLtd
8、doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2009.01152.x6PAZandbergening.GlobalPositioningSystems(GPS)haveemergedastheleadingtechnologytoprovidelocationinformationtotheseLocationBasedServices(LBS).AGP
