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1、Chapter28RURAL-URBANMIGRATIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESDIPAKMAZUMDARUniversityofTorontoTheWorldBank*IntroductionMigrationisaresponseofindividualstobetteropportunities,andshouldinprincipleincreaseeconomicwelfareunambiguously.Theproblemconnectedwithrural-urbanmigration
2、couldthenbeoftwodifferenttypes:(1)privateresponsetomigrationcouldbeduetonon-economicfactors("citylights",etc.);excessivebecauseofgamblinginstincts;oradesperateactafterbeingpushedoutfromtraditionalruralactivitiesduetopopulationgrowth;(2)socialreturnstomigrationma
3、ybelessthanprivatereturnsbecausethedistributionofnon-laborfactorsbetweenruralandurbanlocation(whichinvolvelabormigration)islessthanoptimum;orbecausethedistributionalconsequencesofmigrationarenotnecessarilyequalizing.Thisessayhasbeenwrittentobringtheavailableevid
4、encetofocusonsomeoftheseissues.Itisunrealistictoassumethatdefiniteanswerscanbegivenwhentheliterature,althoughsubstantial,coversonlyafractionofprevalentrural-urbanmigrationstreams.Thepurposeisthelimitedoneofdiscussingasampleoftheresearchwhichhastriedtotacklethese
5、questions.Section1givesanoverviewofthescaleofrural-urbanmigrationinLDCs,andconsidersthehypothesisofover-urbanization.Section2isaselectivereviewoftheliteratureonthedeterminantsofmigration,withparticularemphasisontherelativeimportanceofeconomicandnon-economicfacto
6、rs.Section3takesacloserlookatthediscussionofurbanlabormarketsintheliteratureandthe*TheWorldBankdoesnotacceptresponsibilityfortheviewsexpressedhereinwhicharethoseoftheauthor(s)andshouldnotbeattributedtotheWorldBankortoitsaffiliatedorganizations.Thefindings,interp
7、retations,andconclusionsaretheresultsofresearchsupportedbytheBank;theydonotnecessarilyrepresentofficialpolicyoftheBank.Thedesignationsemployed,thepresentationofthematerial,andanymapsusedinthisdocumentaresolelyfortheconvenienceofthereaderanddonotimplytheexpressio
8、nofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheWorldBankoritsaffiliatesconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,city,area,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationso
