Chapter-67-The-historical-geography-of-European-cities-An-interpretive-essay_2004_Handbook-of-Regional-and-Urban-Economics

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1、Chapter67THEHISTORICALGEOGRAPHYOFEUROPEANCITIES:ANINTERPRETIVEESSAYPAULM.HOHENBERG(PROEEMERITUS)RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,Troy,NY,USAe-mail:hohenp@rpi.eduContentsAbstract3022Keywords30221.Introduction30232.Asystemsperspective30253.Pre-industrialspatialp

2、atterns30304.Theearly-modernperiod(1500-1800)30325.Proto-industrializationandtowns30346.Theearlymoderncity:anappraisal30367.Citiesandindustrialization30368.Urbanformationsoftheindustrialage30379.Migration304010.Metropolitanareasandtheirtransformationsinthein

3、dustrialage304111.Laggardsandlosers304212.Urbangrowthandurbansystemsintheindustrialage304213.Thefirsttwentiethcentury304314.Thesecondtwentiethcentury304415.Urbangrowthandmigration304716.Recenturbanformations304817.Urbanspatialstructureinpost-industrialEurope

4、304918.Conclusion3050References3051HandbookofRegionalandUrbanEconomics,Volume4.EditedbyJ.VHendersonandJ.EThisse©2004ElsevierB.VAllrightsreservedDOI:10.1016/S0169-7218(04)07067-43022P.M.HoienbergAbstractOveramillenniumEuropehasbecomelargelyurban.Whileurbangro

5、wth,absoluteandasapercentageofagrowingpopulation,hasbeenasdramaticaseconomicchange,manyelementsofcontinuitytiethepresenttothepast.Thisevolutionwithpathde-pendenceishighlightedifonelooksatEuropeanurbaneconomiesintermsofadualsystemsmodelcombiningcentralplacean

6、dnetworkrelationships.Afterthemedievalpushoftowncreationanddifferentiation,theearlymodemperiodsawaslowingoftheincreaseinurbanpopulationandproportion,evenascitiesanchoredthegrowthofoverseastradeandofintegratedterritorialstates.Growthwasconcentratedinmajorport

7、sandcapitalorcourtcities.Theroleofcitiesintheriseofamarketeconomyca-pableofsustainedgrowthinoutputperheadistiedtoongoingdebatesabouthowandwhygrowthbeganinEurope,andwithinEuropeinEngland.Industrializationledtoenormousincreasesinurbanagglomerationdrivenbytrans

8、portimprovementsandin-creasingreturnstoscaleinmanufacturingaswellasdistribution.However,leadershipfunctionstendedtoconcentrateingiantcapitalcitiesratherthaninthenewindustrialtownsandconurbations